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OF   ILLINOIS 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


THE   GRASSES   OF   ILLINOIS 


BY  EDNA  MOSHEB 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  MARCH,  1918 


FOREWORD 

Dr.  Mosher's  monograph  of  the  grasses  of  Illinois  represents  a  type 
of  work  that  is  needed  for  every  natural  or  economic  group  of  Illinois 
plants.  It  is  not  a  compilation  or  a  perfunctory  systematic  account 
of  plants  known  or  thought  to  occur  in  Illinois;  but  it  is  based  on 
personal  examination  of  scattered  earlier  records  and  a  critical  veri- 
fication of  the  meaning  of  the  entries  in  them  where  specimens  exist 
for  such  verification.  The  thoroness  with  which  all  available  mate- 
rials have  been  scanned  is  evident  from  the  fact  that  of  the  two  hun- 
dred and  four  species  admitted  by  Dr.-Mosher  over  one-fifth  are  now 
recorded  for  the  first  tijne  as  occurring  in  Illinois.  That  the  nomen- 
clature of  the  paper  does  not  entirely  conform  to  that  of  the  latest 
general  floras  marks  an  added  point  of  excellence,  for  it  rests  on  the 
later  and  maturer  judgment  of  Mrs.  Agnes  Chase  (whose  large  per- 
sonal herbarium  was  presented  to  the  University  several  years  ago) 
and  Professor  A.  S.  Hitchcock,  who  are  admittedly  the  American  au- 
thorities on  grasses  today,  and  whose  aid  has  been  given  freely  as  the 
study  progressed. 

William  Trelease 
Urbana,  March  20,  1918 


CONTENTS  OF  BULLETIN  No.  205 

PAGE 
INTRODUCTION 2(51 

THE  STRUCTURE  OP  GRASSES 264 

KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  ILLINOIS  GRASSES 269 

DESCRIPTION  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF  ILLINOIS  GRASSES 275 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 

INDEX  TO  SCIENTIFIC  NAMES 420 

INDEX  TO  COMMON  NAMES  .  .  .  423 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 

•  BY  EDNA  MOSHER1 

INTRODUCTION 

According  to  the  earlier  botanists  who  studied  the  flora  of  Illinois, 
about  two  hundred  species  of  plants  were  found  on  the  original  prairie 
and  more  than  half  of  these  were  grasses.  The  grasses  were  probably 
the  most  characteristic  plants  of  the  prairie,  the  shorter  and  less  con- 
spicuous species  forming  a  dense  sod;  the  taller  species  usually 
forming  large  clumps  from  three  to  six  feet  tall,  which  were  visible 
for  a  considerable  distance.  The  original  prairie  is  fast  disappearing 
from  the  state  of  Illinois,  and  with  it  many  of  the  species  of  grasses 
once  included  in  its  flora.  The  majority  of  the  species  which  were 
abundant  there  are  still  found  within  the  state,  altho  some  of  them 
are  extremely  rare.  A  number  of  the  species  have  not  been  collected 
in  Illinois  in  recent  years  and  may  not  occur  in  the  state  at  the  present 
time.  The  grasses,  however,  still  remain  a  prominent  feature  of  the 
landscape,  as  anyone  who  has  seen  our  great  cornfields  will  testify. 
From  an  economic  standpoint  they  are  the  most  important  plants  of 
Illinois  today,  as  the  cultivated  grasses  called  grains  form  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  crops  of  the  state.  In  addition  there  are  the  cultivated 
grasses  of  our  pastures  and  meadows,  many  of  which  are  introduced 
species,  and  all  of  which  add  to  the  wealth  of  the  state.  There  are  also 
many  species  of  grasses  that  are  weeds  in  lawns  and  cultivated  fields, 
but  the  extent  of  their  damage  never  has  been,  and  probably  never  will 
be,  correctly  estimated. 

The  known  species  of  grasses  of  the  state  have  been  listed  by  a 
number  of  authors,  but  the  only  paper  devoted  entirely  to  them  was 
published  by  I.  A.  Lapham  in  1857.  Since  then  the  number  of  species 
known  to  the  state  has  increased  nearly  fifty  percent.  Some  of  these 
have  been  included  in  lists  published  since  that  time,  but  there  are 
forty-three  species  which  have  not  been  listed  before  as  occurring  in 
the  state.  Some  of  these  species  have  been  introduced  from  Europe 
and  Asia.  Altogether  two  hundred  and  four  species,  representing 
sixty-three  genera,  have  been  listed  in  this  publication. 


work  was  begun  as  a  second  minor  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
William  Trelease  of  the  Department  of  Botany  while  the  writer  was  working  for 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Illinois.  Professor  Tre- 
lease urged  the  completion  and  publication  of  the  work  and  has  given  every  aid 
and  encouragement  during  its  progress.  Mrs.  Agnes  Chase  has  also  given  valuable 
assistance,  especially  as  regards  questions  of  synonymy. 

261 


262  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

It  has  been  the  aim  in  this  investigation  to  libt  all  species  of  grasses 
which  are  known  to  have  been  collected  in  the  state.  Practically  all 
specimens  cited  here  have  been  seen  by  the  author,  and  considerable 
pains  have  been  taken  to  verify  the  determinations  of  the  earlier  botan- 
ists whose  lists  are  cited  in  the  bibliography. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  publication  the  grasses*in  the  following 
herbaria  have  been  studied  : 

University  of  Illinois  Herbarium. — The  collections  in  this  herbarium 
have  furnished  the  basis  for  the  work.  This  herbarium  includes  partial 
collections  of  the  earlier  botanists  Hall,  Wolf,  Vasey,  M.  S.  Bebb,  Mead, 
and  Lapham,  with  the  entire  collections  of  Brendel,  Schneck,  Hill, 
Welsch,  and  Andrews.  The  collections  of  Dr.  Welsch  were  not  dated, 
but  are  known  to  have  been  made  between  1862  and  1871.  Mrs.  Agnes 
Chase  has  presented  a  set  of  duplicates  of  her  Illinois  collections  to  the 
University,  in  addition  to  many  other  specimens.  There  are  also  du- 
plicates of  most  of  the  species  collected  by  Mr.  V.  H.  Chase  of  Wady 
Petra,  Illinois,  which  form  an  important -part  of  the  collection.  With 
a  very  few  exceptions  the  collections  not  mentioned  in  connection  with 
other  herbaria  'belong  to  the  University  of  Illinois. 

United  States  National  Herbarium. — It  was  impossible  during  a 
brief  visit  to  this  herbarium  to  list  all  the  Illinois  specimens  there,  but 
only  a  few  of  the  commoner  species  were  omitted.  All  the  specimens 
cited  as  collected  by  Skeels,  Wilcox,  and  Hill  are  from  this  herbarium. 
There  are  duplicates  of  some  of  these  in  the  Field  Museum. 

Field  Museum  Herbarium. — This  herbarium  contains  a  large  num- 
ber of  Illinois  specimens,  and  includes  the  herbarium  of  H.  N.  Pat- 
terson of  Oquawka,  besides  smaller  collections  made  by  Sherff,  De 
Selm,  and  others. 

Northwestern  University  Herbarium. — The  entire  collection  of 
H.  H.  Babcock  belongs  to  this  herbarium,  together  with  specimens  col- 
lected by  Umbach,  Shipman,  and  Smith. 

Mr.  Charles  Robertson  of  Carlinville,  Mr.  Hallock  Shearer  of  Mt. 
Carmel,  Dr.  H.  S.  Pepoon  of  Chicago,  and  Dr.  Gr.  H.  French  of  Car- 
bondale  very  kindly  loaned  Illinois  specimens  for  examination,  which 
have  aided  materially  in  this  work.  Some  of  the  species  furnished  were 
not  found  in  any  of  the  herbaria  examined. 

This  work  would  be  quite  incomplete  without  an  expression  of 
appreciation  for  the  uniform  kindness  and  many  courtesies  extended 
by  the  curators  of  these  various  herbaria.  Special  thanks  are  also  due 
Professor  William  Trelcase  and  Mrs.  Agnes  Chase  for  help  in  the  solu- 
tion of  many  puzzling  problems. 

The  accompanying  illustrations  are  all  made  from  original  drawings 
and  are  designed  to  show  the  most  typical  structure  or  structures  of 
each  species  so  that  its  identification  will  be  as  easy  as  possible.  Spike- 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  263 

lets  in  the  same  genus  have  been  drawn,  in  nearly  all  cases,  to  the 
same  scale ;  hence  their  relative  size  will  be  apparent  from  the  figures. 

The  genera  are  arranged  as  in  Gray's  Manual,  but  the  species 
under  each  genus  are  arranged  alphabetically.  The  nomenclature  fol- 
lows the  American  code. 

The  bibliography  includes  only  those  works  in  which  the  grasses 
of  the  state  are  mentioned.  For  general  information  on  grasses  the 
reader  is  referred  to  "A  Text-book  of  Grasses"  by  A.  S.  Hitchcock 
(Macmillan,  1914),  which  also  contains  an  excellent  bibliography.  A 
recent  publication  of  the  Nebraska  Experiment  Station,  "A  Handbook 
of  Nebraska  Grasses,"  Bulletin  148,  also  contains  a  very  complete 
bibliography. 

The  discussion  of  each  species  contains  references  to  the  articles 
or  books  cited  in  the  bibliography.  Thus,  under  SorgJiastrum  nut  cms 
(page  280),  are  given  the  synonyms  to  which  the  species  was  referred 
by  earlier  writers.  "  Andropogon  avenaceum,  Michaux  '03,  58,"  then, 
refers  us  to  "Flora  Boreali- Americana, "  page  58,  where  this  species 
was  listed  as  Andropogon  avenaceum. 


264 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


THE  STRUCTURE  OF  GRASSES 

Grasses  belong  to  the  family  Poaceae,  or  Gramineae,  which 
includes  between  three  and  four  hundred  genera.  Sixty-three  genera, 
exclusive  of  the  cultivated  grasses  called  grains,  are  found  in  Illinois. 
These  genera  include  the  two  hundred  and  four  species  known  to 
occur  in  the  state. 

There  are  few  plants  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  grasses.  The  sedges 
resemble  them  most  but  are  easily  distinguished  by  their  three-ranked 
leaves  and  solid  stems  (Fig.  2).  Grasses  have  two-ranked  leaves  and 
usually  hollow  stems  (except  in  Maydeae  and  Andropogoneae,  of 
which  Tripsacum  and  Andropogon  are  typical  genera)  (Fig.  1). 
According  to  their  length  of  life,  grasses  are  classed  as  follows: 
Annual  Grasses. — Many  species  of  grasses  live  but  one  year.  The 
seeds  of  the  preceding  year  germinate  in  spring  or  early  summer  and 
ripen  seed  in  the  summer  and  fall.  Common  crab  grass,  Syntnerisma 
sanguinalis,  old  witch  grass,  Panicum  capillare,  and  Indian  corn,  Zea 
mays,  are  well  known  examples  of  annual  grasses. 


Figs.  1-4. — 1,  Portion  of  grass  culm  showing  2-ranked  leaves;  2,  Portion  of 
sedge  culm  showing  3-ranked  leaves;  3,  Portion  of  grass  plant  showing  fibrous 
roots;  4,  Portion  of  grass  plant  showing  rootstocks 

Winter  Annuals. — In  our  latitude  the  seeds  of  certain  annual 
grasses  may  germinate  in  the  fall  and  live  over  winter  in  small  tufts, 
sending  up  their  flower  stalks  in  early  spring.  These  are  known  as 
winter  annuals.  Low  spear  grass,  Poa  annua,  little  barley,  Hordeum 
pusillum,  and  the  varieties  of  winter  wheat  are  common  examples  of 
winter  annuals. 

Perennial  Grasses. — These  grasses  are  propagated  both  by  seeds 
and  by  rootstocks.  There  are  two  types  of  perennial  grasses  in  Illi- 
nois. In  one  (Fig.  3),  the  stem  dies  back  to  the  base  each  winter  and 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


265 


a  new  shoot  comes  up  the  next  spring  from  a  bud  formed  within  the 
old  sheath.  These  grasses  have  fibrous  roots  and  form  bunches  or 
•tufts,  and  for  that  reason  are  often  called  bunch  grasses.  Timothy, 
PTileum  pratense,  and  orchard  grass,  Dactylis  glomerata,  are  common 
examples  of  this  type.  In  the  other  type  (Fig.  4),  the  stem  dies  back 
to  the  base,  but  there  are.  long,  creeping  rootstocks,  or  rhizomes,  really 
underground  stems,  just  below  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  the  new 
shoots  come  from  these.  Such  grasses  usually  form  a  compact  sod,  and 
hence  many  species  are  valuable  for  lawn  grasses,  as  Kentucky  blue 
grass,  Poo,  pratensis.  Other  common  grasses  with  creeping  rootstocks 
are  redtop,  Agrostis  alba,  and  couch  grass,  Agropyron  repens.  Be- 
sides these  we  have  a  single  species  of  bamboo,  the  cane  Arundinaria 
macrosperma,  with  woody,  perennial  culms. 

THE  GRASS  PLANT 

The  grass  plant  consists  of  root,  stem,  and  leaves.  The  last  two 
of  these  are  modified  to  form  the  inflorescence. 

Root. — The  grass  plant  has  slender,  fibrous  roots  which  are  usually 
very  numerous  at  the  base  of  the  plant  (Fig.  3).  In  the  corn  plant 
and  occasionally  in  other  grasses,  roots  are  developed  from  the  lower 
nodes  and  act  as  prop,  or  brace  roots  (Fig.  5a). 

Stem. — The  stem  of  the  grass  plant  is  called  a  culm.  In  all  but 
very  young  plants  the  culm  is  usually  hollow  except  at  the  more  or 
less  swollen  nodes  (Fig.  6a).  In  maize  and  sorghum  the  stems  are 
filled  with  pith.  The  parts  of  the  culm  between  the  nodes  are  called 
internodes  (Fig.  6b).  The  culms  are  nearly  always  cylindrical,  as  in 
the  corn  stalk  (Fig.  7),  but  they  may  be  flattened,  as  in  Canada  blue 
grass,  Poa  compressa  (Fig.  8).  They  are  never  three-angled,  as  in 
the  sedges. 

Leaf. — The  leaves  are  borne  at  the  nodes  and  consist  of  two  parts, 
the  sheath  and  the  blade.  The  sheath  (Figs.  7a  and  9a)  is  wrapped 


a 


Figs.  5-11. — 5,  Lower  portion  of  grass  culm  with  brace  roots;  6,  Culm  split 
to  show  (a)  the  solid  node,  (b)  the  internode;  7,  Cylindrical  culm;  8,  Flattened 
culm;  9,  Portion  of  leaf  showing  (a)  sheath,  (b)  blade,  (c)  ligule;  10,  Ligule 
a  ring  of  hairs;  11,  Ligule  membranous,  fringed  with  hairs 


266 


BULLETIN  No.  .205 


[March, 


round  the  culm  above  the  node;  the  blade  (Figs.  7b  and  9b)  is  the  flat 
portion  -which  extends  free  from  the  stalk  and  is  often  called  the  leaf. 
On  the  inner  side  of  the  joining  of  the  blade  and  sheath  is  an 
appendage  called  the  ligule  (Fig.  9c).  This  is  usually  thin  and  mem- 
branous (Fig.  9c)  but  sometimes  consists  of  a  row  of  fine  hairs  (Fig. 
lOc),  or  it  may  be  a  thin  membrane  fringed  with  hairs  (Fig.  lie). 

The  edges  of  the  sheath  are  grown  together  in  most  species  of 
Bromus  and  Festuca,  and  in  some  other  genera.  Sometimes  the  sheaths 
become  very  much  inflated  and  inclose  the  inflorescence,  as  in  Andro- 
pogon  virginicus  (Fig.  24).  Some  species  of  water  grasses  have  in- 
flated sheaths  which  act  as  floats,  as  in  Paspalum  repens  (Fig.  36). 

The  blades  are  usually  linear  and  very  much  longer  than  they  are 
wide  (Fig.  37),  but  in  Panicum  boscii  (Fig.  91)  and  some  other 
species,  the  blades  are  quite  broad  as  compared  with  the  length.  The 
blade  has  a  strong  midrib  and  several  nerves,  or  veins,  on  each  side, 
which  are  parallel  to  the  midrib  except  in  the  broad-leaved  species. 
There  are  short  appendages  called  auricles  at  the  base  of  the  blade  in 
sqme  grasses.  These  are  prominent  on  the  leaves  of  wheat  and  barley. 
They  are  also  found  in  Hordeum  and  Agropyron,  and  other  genera 
closely  related  to  these. 

THE  INFLORESCENCE,  OR  FLOWER  CLUSTER 

The  flowers  of  grasses  are  small  and  inconspicuous  but  are  closely 
grouped  together  and  borne  on  shoots  that  are  easily  distinguished 
from  the  leaves.  The  various  bracts  which  make  up  the  flower  are 
modified  leaves.  In  some  species  of  grasses  the  perfect  flowers,  from 
which  the  seeds  are  formed,  are  hidden  by  the  sheaths,  as  in  the  case 
of  some  species  of  Panicum  and  in  certain  other  genera. 

There  are  three  common  forms  of  inflorescence — the  spike,  the 
raceme,  and  the  panicle.  The  inflorescence  is  made  up  of  spikelets, 


12 

Figs.  12-lfi.— 12,  Spike;  13,  Kae.eme;  14,  Panicle;  15,  Spikelet,  (a)  first 
glume,  (b)  second  glume,  (c)  lemm:i,  (d)  palea;  1(5,  Spikelet.  opened  to  show 
(a)  pistil,  (b)  stamens 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  267 

which  are  single  flowers  or  groups  of  flowers  subtended  by  a  pair  of 
bracts  (Figs.  15a  and  b)  called  glumes. 

The  Spike. — The  spike  has  a  long,  unbranched  axis,  with  the  spike- 
lets  sessile,  or  without  stalks  (Fig.  12).  Wheat,  Triticum  vulgar e,  and 
couch  grass,  Agropyron  repens,  are  common  examples  of  this  type. 

The  Raceme. — This  type  of  inflorescence  (Fig.  13)  differs  from  the 
spike  in  having  stalked,  or  p'ediceled  spikelets.  A  typical  example  is 
the  simple  form  of  meadow  fescue,  Festuca  elatior.  Often  the  pedicels 
of  the  spikelets  are  very  short  and  the  inflorescence  has  the  general 
appearance  of  a  spike  and  is  called  a  spike-like  raceme.  Syntherisma 
(Fig.  29),  Paspalum  (Fig.  37),  and  Andropogon  (Fig.  21)  are  exam- 
ples of  spik"e-like  racemes. 

The  Panicle. — In  the  panicle  (Fig.  14)  the  main  axis  of  the  inflo- 
rescence is  branched  and  rebranched,  and  the  spikelets  are  pediceled. 
The  common  oat,  Avena  sativa,  and  Kentucky  blue  grass,  Poa  pra- 
tensis,  are  good  examples  of  this  type  of  inflorescence.  Sometimes  the 
branches  of  a  panicle  are  so  short  that  they  are  hidden  by  the  spike- 
lets  and  the  inflorescence  appears  to  be  a  spike.  Heleochloa  schoenoides 
(Fig.  148)  and  canary  grass,  Phalaris  arundinacea  (Fig.  117),  are 
familiar  examples.  The  axis  of  an  inflorescence  is  usually  known  as  a 
rachis.  In  some  grasses,  as,  for  example,  squirrel-tail  grass,  Hordeun 
jv.batum,  the  axis  disjoints  at  the  nodes  at  maturity. 

A  perfect  flower  contains  both  stamens  and  pistils.  Most  grasses 
boar  perfect  flowers,  but  following  are  a  few  exceptions  to  the  rule : 

Dioecious  Plants.— There  are  some  species  of  grasses  in  which  the 
pistillate  spikelets  are  on  one  plant  and  the  staminate  on  another.  A 
few  examples  of  this  type  of  inflorescence  are  found  among  Illinois 
grasses.  Eragrostis  hypnoides  is  one  of  these,  the  lemmas  of  the  pistil- 
late spikelets  being  slightly  narrower  and  more  pointed  than  those  of 
the  staminate  spikelets. 

Monoecious  Plants. — In  these  plants  the  staminate  and  pistillate 
spikelets  are  on  different  parts  of  the  same  inflorescence,  or  on  different 
parts  of  the  plant.  In  wild  rice,  Zizania  palustris  (Fig.  107),  the 
staminate  flowers  are  on  the  lower  branches  of  the  panicle  and  the 
pistillate  spikelets  on  the  upper.  Tripsacum  dactyloides  (Fig.  17)  has 
the  staminate  spikelets  at  the  end  of  the  spikes  and  the  pistillate  spike- 
lets  embedded  in  the  basal  portion.  In  the  corn  plant  the  ear  is  the 
pistillate  inflorescence  and  is  borne  on  a  different  part  of  the  plant 
from  the  tassel,  which  is  the  staminate  inflorescence. 

In  Andropogon,  Sorghastrum,  and  other  genera  closely  related 
there  are  staminate,  pistillate,  or  sometimes  sterile  spikelets,  as  well  as 
perfect  flowers  in  the  same  inflorescence.  The  first  three  types  are 
often  referred  to  merely  as  imperfect  spikelets.  These  spikelets  have  a 
definite  arrangement  (Figs.  22  and  28).  Sterile  spikelets  have  neither 
stamens  nor  pistils  and  arc  often  very  much  reduced  so  that  only  the 
stalk,  or  pedicel,  remains  (Fig.  27). 


268  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

THE  SPIKELET 

The  spikelet  may  consist  of  a  single  flower  or  of  a  number  of  flow- 
ers. As  the  classification  of  grasses  is  based  primarily  on  the  characters 
of  the  spikelet,  it  is  essential  to  know  something  of  its  structure. 

The  stalk  of  the  spikelet  is  known  as  the  pedicel.  The  spikelet  con- 
sists of  a  short  axis,  called  the  rachilla,  which  bears  one  or  more  flow- 
ers. The  rachilla  may  be  jointed. to  the  pedicel  either  above  or  below 
the  glumes. 

The  Glumes. — At  the  base  of  the  spikelet  are  two  empty  bracts, 
which  are  called  glumes.  They  are  designated  as  the  first,  or  outer 
glume  (Fig.  15a),  and  th«  second,  or  inner  glume  (Fig.  15b).  They 
are  usually  easily  distinguished  from  the  other  parts  of  the  spikelet 
by  the  difference  in  shape,  texture,  number  of  nerves,  amount  of  hairs 
present,  etc.  Sometimes  the  first  glume  is  very  smalt,  as  in  Syn- 
therisma  sanguinalis  (Fig.  32),  or  it  may  be  wanting,  as  in  the  species 
of  Paspalum  (Fig.  41).  Both  glumes  are  absent  in  Homalocenchrus 
(Fig.  108).  Sometimes  the  glumes  are  awned,  as  in  Elymus  canaden- 
sis  (Fig.  280). 

The  Lemmas. — The  lemmas  are  the  bracts  of  the  spikelet  found 
within  and  above  the  glumes  (Fig.  15c) .  Their  number  varies  with  the 
number  of  flowers  found  in  the  spikelet.  There  is  usually  a  flower  at 
the  base  of  each  lemma;  if  the  flower  is  sterile,  the  lemma  is  called 
a  sterile  lemma.  The  lemma  often  differs  from  the  glumes  in  texture, 
being  sometimes  much  thinner,  and  sometimes,  as  in  Panicum,  much 
hardened.  It  is  often  awned  ( Fig.  147 )  ;  the  awns  are  sometimes  spi- 
rally twisted  or  bent  (Figs.  124  to  133). 

The  Palea. — The  palea  (Fig.  15d)  together  with  the  lemma  serves 
to  inclose  the  stamens  and  pistil.  It  is  usually  tAvo-nerved  and  like  its 
lemma  in  texture. 

The  Stamens. — There  are  usually  three  stamens  (Fig.  16b),  but 
the  number  varies  ^rom  one  to  six. 

The  Pistil. — In  our  species  there  is  a  single  pistil  (Fig.  16a), 
which  has  a  one-celled  ovary,  two  styles  (rarely  one),  and  two  feathery 
stigmas. 

The  Fruit. — The  grass  seed,  so-called,  is  in  reality  a  fruit  (a 
caryopsis),  the  seed  being  inclosed  in  the  ripened  ovary. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  269 


KEY  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  ILLINOIS  GRASSES 

Inflorescence  in  a  single  terminal  symmetrical  (not  one-sided)  spike,  the  spike- 
lets  2-  to  several-flowered,  sessile  on  the  main  axis,  single  or  2  or  3  at  each 
joint  (as  in  wheat,  barley,  or  rye). 

b.     Axis  disjointing  with  spikelets  attached;  spikelets  3  together  at  each  joint, 
the  lateral  ones  sterile  and  reduced  to  awns  (barley).          60.  Hordeum 
bb.     Axis  not  disjointing;  spikelets  1  to  3  at  each  joint,  all  alike. 

c.     Spikelets  2  or  3  at  each  joint  of  the  axis;  glumes  in  front  of  the  spike- 
let,  awl-shaped,  not  keeled.  61.  Elymus 
cc.     Spikelets  1  at  each  joint  of  the  axis;   glumes  at  the  sides  of  the 

spikelets. 

d.     Spikelets  placed  edgewise  on  the  axis,  the  inner  glume  wanting 
except  on  the  terminal  spikelet.  58.  Lolium 

dd.     Spikelets  placed  flat  against  the  axis. 

e.     Glumes  obsolete  or  rudimentary;  spikelets  horizontally  spread- 
ing at  maturity.  62.  Hystrix 
ee.     Glumes  well  developed;  spikelets  appressed  to  the  axis. 

f .     Glumes  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  awned  or  pointed,  some- 
times toothed;  plants  annual  (wheat).  Triticum 
ff.     Glumes  lanceolate,   or  narrower,  awned  or  awnless,  not 

toothed. 

g.     Lemmas  prickly-hispid  on  the  keel;  glumes  1-nerved, 

narrow;  plants  annual  (rye).  Secale 

gg.     Lemmas  smooth  on  the  keel;  glumes  several-nerved; 

plants  perennial.  59.  Agropyron 

Inflorescence  a  panicle,  raceme,  or  aggregation  of  spikes;  panicle  may  be 
open,  as  in  oats,  or  contracted,  as'in  timothy;  racemes  usually  appear  like 
spikes,  but  some  of  the  spikelets  are  pediceled,  as  Paspalum  (Fig.  37), 
Andropogon  (Fig.  23),  and  crab  grass  (Fig.  29);  the  spikes  are  one-sided 
and  aggregate,  as  in  Bermuda  grass  (Fig.  193). 

b.    Fruit  a  bur  with  barbed  spines.  12.     Cenchrus 

bb.     Fruit  not  a  bur. 

c.     Spikelets  unisexual,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  different  parts  of 

the  same  inflorescence  or  in  different  inflorescences, 
d.     Pistillate  spikelets  in  ears  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  staminate 
spikelets  in  a  terminal  tassel  (corn).  Zea 

dd.     Pistillate  and  staminate  spikelets  in  different  parts  of  the  same 

inflorescence. 

e.  Inflorescence  consisting  of  1  to  4  stout  spikes,  the  lower  part 
thick  and  hard,  readily  disjointing,  the  pistillate  spikelets 
embedded  in  the  joints,  the  staminate  spikelets  in  pairs 
along  the  narrow  axis  of  the  upper  part.  1.  Tripsacum 

ee.  Inflorescence  a  large  terminal  panicle,  the  pistillate  spikelets 
erect  on  the  ascending  upper  branches  of  the  panicle,  the 
staminate  pendulous  on  the  spreading  lower  branches. 

13.    Zizania 

cc.  Spikelets  perfect ;  or  perfect  and  staminate,  or  sterile,  arranged  in 
pairs  (unisexual  in  Eragrostis  hypnoides,  but  the  spikelets  alike  in 
appearance). 

d.     Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  perfect  and  sessile,  the  other  pediceled 
and  staminate  (rarely  perfect)  or  sterile  (apparently  two  pedi- 
celed spikelets  in  Holcus  and  Sorghastrum),  on  a  jointed  axis, 
readily  disjointing  with  the  spikelets  attached;  glumes  hard- 
ened; spikelets  dorsally  compressed,  the  sessile  spikelets  awned. 
e.     Inflorescence  of  slender  racemes,  these  single  or  2  or  3  to- 
gether, not  panicled.  3.  Andropogon 
ee.     Inflorescence  an  open  or  contracted  panicle. 

f .     Panicle  densely  wooly,  of  slender,  many-flowered  racemes ; 
spikelets  all  perfect.  2.  Erianthus 


270  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

ff.  Panicle  not  wooly,  joints  more  or  less  short  pubescent; 
racemes  of  1  to  5  joints,  pediceled  spikelet  staminate 
or  reduced  to  the  pedicel. 

g.     Pediceled   spikelets   staminate;    panicle   open;    awns 
deciduous.  5.  Holcus 

gg.     Pediceled  spikelets  reduced  to  a  hairy  pedicel;  pani- 
cle  narrow;    awns   persistent.  4.  Sorghastrum 
dd.     Spikelets  not  in  pairs,  or  if  so.  the  two  alike;  axis  not  disjointing, 
e.     Spikelets  sessile  in  1 -sided  spikes,  these  digitate  or  racemose 

on  a  common  axis  (as  in  Bermuda  grass,  Fig.  193). 
f.     Spikes  digitate  (Fig.  201). 

g.     Spikes  slender;    spikelets   1-flowered;    plants   peren- 
nial. 40.  Capriola 
gg.     Spikes  stout;  spikelets  3-  or  4-flowered;  plants  annual. 
h.     Eachis  of  spike  prolonged  into  a  point  beyond 
the  spikelets;  lower  lemmas  awn -tipped. 

43.  Dactyloctenium 

hh.     Rachis  of  spike  not  prolonged  beyond  the  spike- 
lets;  lemmas  awnless.  44.  Eleusine 
ff.     Spikes  racemose  (Figs.  194,  195,  196). 

g.     Spikes   very   slender;    spikelets    remote,   closely   ap- 
pressed;  plants  annual.  41.  Schedonnqrdus 

gg.     Spikes  thick;   spikelets  densely  imbricated. 

h.  Plants  robust,  4  to  6  feet  tall;  spikelets  1-flow- 
ered; first  glume  exceeding  the  floret,  stiffly 
ciliate  on  the  keel;  spikelets  falling  entire. 

39.  Spartina 

hh.     Plants  not  robust,  not  over  3  feet  tall;   spikelets 

with  1  perfect  floret  and  1  or  2  sterile  lemmas; 

first  glume  shorter  than  the  floret,  persistent 

after  the  fall  of  the  floret.  42.  Bouteloua 

ee.     Spikelets  pediceled,  in  open    (Fig.   118)   or  spike-like    (Fig. 

117)  panicles,  or  in  racemes  (Fig.  29). 
f .     Spikelets  1-flowered  or  with  1  perfect  terminal  floret  and 

1  or  2  sterile  or  staminate  florets  below  it. 
g.     Spikelets  without   staminate   or   rudimentary  florets 
below    the   perfect    one;    spikelets    laterally    com- 
pressed, glumes  keeled. 

h.     Glumes  wanting;  spikelets  strongly  flattened,  im- 
bricate on  the  slender  branches  of  an  open  pan- 
icle; lemmas  awnless.  14.  Homalocenchrus 
hh.     Glumes  present,  if  minute  the  lemmas  awned. 
i.     Lemmas  more  or  less  indurate,  at  least  firmer 
than  the   glumes,   terete  or   subterete,   not 
keeled. 

j.  Lemma  not  sharp-pointed,  strongly  indu- 
rate; panicle  branches  spreading  or 
drooping.  17.  Milium 

jj.      Lemma  sharp-pointed  or  awned;  panicle 

branches  ascending  or  erect, 
k.     Awn  3-parted;  lemma  with  a  sharp- 
pointed  callus  at  base. 

20.  Aristida 
kk.     Awn  simple. 

1.      Awn  4  to  8  inches  long,  twisted 
and  bent ;  lemma  with  a  needle- 
pointed  callus.  19.  Stipa 
11.      Awn   not   over    2    inches   long; 

callus  not  sharp-pointed, 
m.    Awn  deciduous,  bent;  lem- 
ma   broad,    elliptical    or 
ovate.  18.  Oryzopsis 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  2?1 

mm.     Awn,  if  present,  persistent ; 

lemmas  lanceolate, 
n.  Glumes  minute  or  ob- 
solete ;  rachilla  pro- 
longed beyond  the 
base  of  the  palea; 
floret  stipitate. 

22.  Brachyelytrum 
nn.  Glumes  usually  at  least 
half  as  long  as  the 
spikelet  (minute  in 
M.  schreberi)  •  ra- 
chilla not  prolonged; 
floret  not  stipitate. 

21.  Muhleribergia 

ii.  Lemmas»not  indurate,  at  least  not  firmer  than 
the  glumes,  or  if  somewhat  firmer,  strongly 
compressed  and  keeled. 

j.     Panicle     compact,     cylindrical;     spikelets 
strongly  flattened  and  keeled, 
k.     Spikelets  about  1   cm.   long;    floret 
conspicuously  hairy  at  base;  robust 
perennial   with   stout,     scaly   root- 
stocks.  30.  Ammopliila 
kk.     Spikelets  not  over  4  mm.  long;  lem- 
ma not  hairy  at  base;  plants  with- 
out rootstocks. 

1.      Panicle    partly    included    in    a 
broad      subtending      sheath ; 
glumes  shorter  than  the  lem- 
ma. 23.  Heleochloa. 
1!.     Panicle  not  included  in  a  sub- 
tending   sheath;    glumes    not 
shorter  than  the  lemma, 
m.     Glumes    abruptly    aristate, 
stiffly  ciliate  on  the  keel ; 
lemmas     awnless     (timo- 
thy). 24.  Phleum 
mm.     Glumes  not  pointed  nor  cil- 
iate on  the  keel;   lemma 
with  a  slender  awn  from 
the  back.    25.  Alopecurus 
jj.      Panicle    open    or    contracted;    spikelets 

not  strongly  flattened, 
k.     Floret  conspicuously  hairy  at  base. 

I.  Lemma    with    a    delicate    dorsal 

awn ;    rachilla    prolonged   be- 
yond the  base  of  the  palea. 

29.  Calamagrostis 

II.  Lemma    awnless;     rachilla    not 

prolonged.        28.  Calamovilfa 
kk.     Floret  not  hairy  at  base. 

I.  Lemma  shorter  than  the  glumes; 

palea  usually  wanting. 

27.  Agrostis 

II.  Lemma  longer  than  the  glumes 

or  as  long;   palea  present, 
m.     Florets     stipitate;     lemma 
with  a  minute  awn;  pan- 
icle drooping.     31.  Cinna 


272  BULLETIN  No.  205  "   [March, 

mm.  Florets  not  stipitate;  lem- 
ma awnless;  panicle  not 
drooping. 

26.  Sporobolus 

gg.     Spikelets  with  1  or  2  staminate  or  rudimentary  flor- 
ets below  the  perfect  one   (first  glume  wanting  in 
Paspalum  and  in  some  species  of  Syntherisma,  the 
sterile  lemma  simulating  a  second  glume), 
h.     Spikelets   laterally   compressed;    glumes  strongly 
keeled;   sterile  florets  falling  attached  to  the 
perfect  floret. 

i.  Plants  grayish-velvety  thruout;  one  floret  he- 
low  the  perfect  one,  staminate;  perfect 
floret  with  a  hooked  awn  on  the  back. 

32.  Notholcits 
ii.     plants   glabrous    thruout;    two    florets   below 

the  perfect  one. 

j.  Panicle  open;  lower  florets  staminate; 
plants  fragrant.  16.  Torresia 

jj.  Panicle  contracted  or  spike-like;  lower 
florets  reduced  to  minute  scales. 

15.  Phalaris 

hh.     Spikelets  dorsally  depressed ;  glumes  not  keeled ; 
spikelets  falling  entire;  fertile  floret  indurate, 
i.     Spikelets  subtended  by  1  to  several  slender 
bristles,  in  a  narrow  spike-like  panicle. 

11.  Chaetochloa 
ii.     Spikelets  not  subtended  by  bristles. 

j.  Spikelets  subsessile  along  one  side  of  a 
slender  axis;  first  glume  obsolete  or 
minute. 

k.     Kacemes    subdigitate;    fruit    subin- 
durate  with  a  flat,  white,  hyaline 
margin;    spikelets   compressed,  bi- 
convex; annuals.       6.  Syntherisma 
kk.     Eacemes  solitary  or  racemose;  fruit 
indurate,  the  firm  margin  inrolled ; 
spikelets  plano-convex;  first  glume 
obsolete;  perennials.    8.  Paspalum 
jj.      Spikelets  in  open  or  compact  panicles. 
k.     Floret  subindurate;  margins  of  lem- 
ma hyaline,  flat.          7.  Leptoloma. 
kk.     Floret  strongly  indurate;  margins  of 
lemma  firm,   inrolled,   at  least  at 
base. 

1.  Sterile  lemma  awned  or  strong- 
ly mucronate;  fruit  pointed; 
spikelets  short-pediceled  in 
clusters;  coarse  annuals. 

10.  Echinocliloa 

11.  Sterile  lemma  awnless;  fruit 
not  pointed ;  spikelets  usually 
long-pediceled.  9.  Panicum 

ff.     Spikelets    2-    to    many-flowered ;    sterile    florets,    if    any, 
above  the  perfect  ones   (except  in  TJniola,  Fig.  227). 
g.     Glumes  exceeding  or  equaling  the  florets   (except  in 
Sphenopholis    and    Koeleria;   in  these  at  lepst  the 
second  glume  is  usually  longer  than  first  floret), 
usually  papery  and  shining, 
h.     Spikelets  at  least  8  mm.  long. 

i.  Florets  2  to  4,  awned  from  the  back  (awn 
rudimentary  in  cultivated  oats). 


W1S]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  273 

j.  Panicle  narrowly  pyramidal;  spikelets 
8  to  10  mm.  long,  not  pendulous. 

37.  Arrhenatherum 

jj.  Panicle  about  as  broad  as  long;  spike- 
lets  2  cm.  long  or  more,  pendulous 
(oats).  36.  Avena 

ii.     Florets  7  to  12,  awned  from  between  the  teeth 
of  a  bidentate  apex.  38.  Danthonia 

hh.     Spikelets  not  over  5  min.  long. 

i.     Lemmas  bearing  delicate  dorsal  awns;  panicle 
branches  capillary,  flexuous. 

35.  Descliampsia 

ii.     Lemmas  awnless,  or  obscurely  awn-tipped, 
j.      Glumes    dissimilar,    the    second    broadly 
wedge-shaped     or     obovate;     spikelets 
falling  entire.  33.  Sphenopholis 

j,j.      Glumes  similar,  acute,  persistent  after  the 
fall  of  the  florets.     k          34.  Koeleria 
gg.     Glumes  shorter  than  the  lowest  floret. 

h.     Culms  woody  perennial;  plants  shrubby;   blades 
narrowed  into  a  short  petiole  above  the  sheath. 

.  63.  Arundinaria 

hh.     Culms   herbaceous;    plants  not  shrubby;    blades 

sessile  on  the  sheath. 

i.     Plants  usually  6  to   12   feet  tall,  the  culms 
strong,  reed-like,  with  stout,  creeping  root- 
stocks;  panicle  large,  feathery  at  maturity. 
46.  Phragmites 

•  ii.     Plants  rarely  5  feet  tall,  the  culms  not  reed- 

like;  panicle  not  feathery, 
j.      Lemmas  3-nerved. 

k.  Spikelets  short-pediceled  along  one 
side  of  a  slender  rachis,  forming 
elongate  racemes,  these  arranged 
in  a  rather  open  panicle. 

45.  Leptochloa 

kk.     Spikelets  not  in  1-sided  racemes. 
1.      Lemmas    glabrous,    not    lobed; 
nerves  not  excurrent. 

49.  Eragrostis 

11.  Lemmas  hairy  on  the  nerves  be- 
low, lobed  at  the  apex;  mid- 
nerve  excurrent. 

m.     Panicle    usually    large, 
spreading;  lateral  nerves 
of     the     lemmas     excur- 
rent;   palea  not  fringed. 
47.  Tridens 

mm.  Panicle  small,  few-flow- 
ered; lateral  nerves  of 
the  lemmas  not  excur- 
rent; palea  conspicuously 
fringed.  48.  Triplasis 

j.j.     Lemmas  5-  to  many-nerved  (the  interme- 
diate obscure  in  Poa  alsodes). 
k.     Upper  floret  unlike  the  lower,  folded 
together    forming     a     club-shaped 
mass;     spikelets     pendulous,     fall- 
ing entire.  50.  Melica 
kk.     Upper  florets  like  the  lower;   spike- 
lets  sometimes  drooping,  not  pen- 
dulous. 


274  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

.  1.      Lemmas    firm,    somewhat    hard- 

ened,    faintly     many-nerved, 
acuminate. 

m.  Lower  florets  empty  but 
like  the  upper  in  appear- 
ance; spikelets  strongly 
flattened ;  lemmas  not  pol- 
ished ;  panicle  drooping. 
52.  Uniola 

mm.     Lower       florets       perfect; 

spikelets     not     flattened, 

florets    turgid,    polished; 

grain  at  maturity  beaked, 

expanding  the  lemma  and 

palea.  51.  Diarina 

11.      Lemmas    herbaceous,    5-    to    9- 

nerved,     the     nerves     usually 

,  strong. 

m.  Spikelets  strongly  flat- 
tened, densely  crowded 
in  1-sided  clusters  at  the 
ends  of  the  stiff,  naked 
panicle  branches. 

53.  Dactylis 
mm.     Spikelets  not  flattened,  nor 

in  1-sided  clusters, 
n.     Lemmas     keeled,     and 
usually   with   a   tuft 
of    cobwebby,    white 
hairs  at  base    (blue- 
grass).  54.  Poa 
nn.    Lemmas      not     keeled, 
rounded  on  the  back, 
not  cobwebby  at  base. 
o.    Lemmas  obtuse,  us- 
ually scarious  at 
the    tip ;     nerves 
parallel,     usually 
prominent. 

55.  Panicularia 

oo.     Lemmas     acute     or 

awned ;   nerves 

approaching       at 

the  apex. 

p.  Lemmas  not 
t  o  o  t  h  e  d  , 
awned  from 
the  tip  or 
a  w  n  1  e  s  s : 
spikelets  not 
over  15  mm. 
long,  usually 
less. 

56.  Festuca 
pp.     Lemmas      m  i  - 

nutely  2- 
toothed,  us- 
ually awned 
from  just 
below  the 
apex ;  spike- 
1  e  t  s  rarely 
less  than  2 
cm.  long. 

57.  Bromus 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  275 

DESCRIPTIONS  AND  DISTRIBUTION  OF  ILLINOIS  GRASSES 

1.    TRIPSACUM    L. 

This  is  a  subtropical  genus  of  which  one  species  is  found  in  southern 
Illinois.  It  includes  tall,  coarse  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks. 
The  inflorescence  consists  of  solitary  or  clustered  spikes  borne  at  the 
ends  of  the  culms  or  their  branches.  There  are  two  kinds  of  spikelets 
in  each  spike,  the  pistillate  spikelets  borne  singly,  sunken  in  the  thick- 
ened axis  of  the  lower  part,  and  the  staminate  in  pairs  on  the  slender 
upper  part.  The  lower  part  of  the  axis  is  very  hard  and  woody,  and 
separates  readily  into  joints.  In  each  of  these  joints  is  embedded  a 
pistillate  spikelet,  which  has  a  very  hard  outer  glume.  The  upper  part 
of  the  stalk  is  slender,  not  woody,  and  does  not  separate  into  joints, 
but  falls  off  entire. 

Tripsacum  dactyloides  L. 
Gama  Grass.  Sesame  Grass  (Fig.  17) 

Michaux  '03,  60;  Lapham  '57,  548,  598;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284; 
Brendel  '87,  89. 

Entire  plant  smooth  and  glabrous ;  culms  3  to  7  feet  tall ;  leaves 
3  dm.  or  more  long,  1  to  3.5  cm.  wide ;  ligule  a  fringe  of  hairs  less  than 
1  mm.  long;  spikelets  8  mm.  long. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  grasses  found  in  the  state.  It  prefers 
moist  soil  in  swamps  or  along  ditches  and  streams.  It  is  an  excellent 
forage  grass. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey.  CHRISTIAN 
CO.,  Taylorville,  Andrews.  HANCOCK  CO.  Without  locality,  Mead  in  1843.  MA- 
COUPIN  CO.  Macoupin,  Robertson,  July,  1884.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S. 
Bcbb,  1860.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality 
Schneck,  July,  1890;  without  locality,  Shearer. 

2.    ERIANTHUS    Michx. 
Wooly  Beard  Grass 

This  genus  is  found  in  both  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  The 
plants  are  tall,  reed-like  perennial  grasses  with  thick,  creeping  root- 
stocks.  One  species  is  cultivated  for  ornament,  and  is  commonly  known 
as  plume  grass,  wool  grass,  or  hardy  pampas  grass.  The  inflorescence 
is  a  large,  compact  panicle  clothed  with  long,  silky  hairs,  which  are 
borne  on  the  panicle  branches  and  in  a  tuft  at  the  base  of  each  spikelet. 
The  spikelets  are  in  pairs,  one  pediceled,  the  other  sessile,  but  both 
are  perfect,  of  equal  size,  and  bear  long  awns. 

Erianthus  divaricatus  (L.)  Hitchc. 
Spiral-awned  Plume  Grass  (Figs.  18  and  19) 

Erianthus  alopccuroides,  Lapham  '57,  548,  599;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78, 
285.  E.  saccharoidcs,  Brendel  '87,  89. 


276 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Culms  3  to  8  feet  tall,  with  appressed  hairs  at  the  nodes  and  on 
the  upper  portion  near  the  inflorescence;  leaves  long,  one-half  inch 
to  one  inch  wide ;  panicle  loose,  with  soft,  silky  hairs. 

This  grass  was  probably  once  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  it  occurs  in  the  state,  at  the  present  time. 

JACKSON  co.     Without  locality,  French,  Sept.,  1878. 

Erianthus  contortus  Baldwin. — This  species  is  described  by  Lap- 
ham  among  the  plants  of  Illinois,  but  no  citations  are  given.  As  it  is 
not  mentioned  by  any  other  author,  and  no  specimens  have  been  seen, 
it  is  extremely  doubtful  if  it  has  ever  been  collected  in  Illinois. 


Figs.  17-19. — 17,  T.  dactyloidcs,  part  of  inflorescence:  (a)  pistillate  spikelet, 
(b)  and  (c)  staminate  spikelets;  18,  E.  divaricatus,  inflorescence;  19,  E.  divari- 
catus,  pair  of  spikelets:  (a)  pediceled  spikelet,  (b)  sessile  spikelet 

3.    ANDROPOGON   L. 
Beard  Grass 

These  grasses  are  tall,  often  coarse,  tufted  perennials,  found  in 
both  temperate  and  tropical  climates.  The  inflorescence  is  of  lateral 
and  terminal  spikes,  with  paired  spikelets.  One  spikelet  is  sessile  and 
perfect,  usually  bearing  a  twisted  awn ;  the  other  is  pediceled,  imper- 
fect, either  bearing  stamens  or  reduced  to  a  single  glume,  wrhich  is 
often  minute  or  entirely  lacking.  The  rachis  joints  and  pedicels  often 
bear  long,  silky  hairs.  The  leaves  are  long  and  narrow,  the  ligules 
short  and  membranous,  with  fringed  edges.  The  culms  in  some  of  the 
species  show  a  conspicuous  bluish  bloom,  particularly  in  the  region  of 
the  nodes,  hence  the  common  name  bluestem. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS  277 

.  a.  Inflorescence  protruding  from  a  very  prominent  spathe,  which  is  shorter  than, 
or  equaling  the  inflorescence;  awns  straight,  usually  three  times  the  length 
of  the  sessile  spikelets;  pediceled  spikelets  reduced  to  a  minute  scale  or 
wanting;  rachis  joints  very  slender.  A.  virginicus 

aa.     Inflorescence  not  protruding  from  a  prominent  spathe;  awns  more  or  less  bent, 
usually  less  than  twice  the  length  of  the  sessile  spikelet;  pediceled  spikelets 
always  present  and  distinct;  rachis  joints  thickened,  clavate. 
b.     Inflorescence  of  paired  or  digitate  spikes;  pediceled  spikelet  nearly  as 
long  as  the  sessile,  the  pedicel  thickened  and  somewhat  clavate. 

A.  furcatus 

bb.     Inflorescence  of  solitary  spikes;  pediceled  spikelet  very  much  shorter  than 
the  sessile,  the  pedicel  thin  and  straplike.  A.  scoparius 

Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl. 
Forked  Beard  Grass.  Big  Bluestem    (Figs.  20  and.  21) 

Lapham  '57,  548,  599  (Plate  4,  Fig.  6);  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  285; 
Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  140;  Huett  '98,  129;  Gleason  '07,  181; 
Gleasoii. '10,  147;  Gleason,  '12,  48;  Gates  '12,  354. 

Culms  smooth,  3.5  to  6  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth,  blades  rough 
on  the  margins;  spikes  stout,  usually  purplish;  pediceled  spikelet 
usually  staminate,  6  to  7  mm.  long;  sessile  spikelet  8  to  9  mm.  long, 
the  awn  10  to  14  mm.  long,  spirally  twisted  and  usually  bent. 

A  common  grass  in  Illinois,  characteristic  of  the  prairie,  but 
found  in  many  other  situations.  It  furnishes  good  pasture  when 
young,  but  the  stems  soon  become  hard. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Without 
locality,  along  railroad  track,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1878;  Without  locality,  Percival,  Oct., 
1876;  Champaign,  Mosher,  Sept.,  1913;  Savoy,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898;  Seymour,  Tsou, 
Oct.,  1913;  Eantoul,  Gates,  Oct.,  1907.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews  in 
1898.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  Sherff,  Sept.,  1912;  Mayfair,  Chicago,  Gates,  Sept.,  1905; 
South  Chicago,  Schneck,  Aug.,  1893.  FORD  co.  Near  Koberts,  Wilcox,  July,  1902. 
FULTON  CO.  Without  locality,  Pepoon;  Canton,  Wolf.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without 
locality,  Pepoon  443.  LAKE  co.  Beach  area  near  Waukegan,  Gates  in  1908 ;  Wau- 
kegan,  Gleason  and  Shobe  323.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  July,  1878.  MA- 
COUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1882.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall,  1861. 
OGLE  CO.  Oregon,  Waite,  Aug.,  1885.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug., 
1894;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Glasford,  Wilcox,  July,  1902.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase,  Sept.,  1897.  WABASH  co.  With- 
out locality,  Schneck,  Nov.,  1900;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Shannon's  swamp, 
Schneck,  Oct.,  1882;  Hanging  Eock,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1878;  Lucas  farm,  Schneck, 
Aug.,  1900.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels,  Aug.,  1904. 

Andropogon  scoparius  Michx. 
Broom  Beard  Grass.    Little  Bluestem  (Figs.  22  and  23) 

Engelmann  '44,  104;  Lapham  '57,  549,  599;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78, 
285;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  140;  Huett  '97,  129;  Gleason  '07, 
181;' Gleason  '10,  147;  Gates  '12,  354. 

•Culms  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  1  to  4  feet  tall ;  leaves  slightly 
rough ;  spikes  slender ;  pediceled  spikelet  a  single,  small,  awn-pointed 
glume ;  sessile  spikelets  6  to  7  mm.  long,  the  awn  spirally  twisted  and 
bent. 

A  common  prairie  grass,  easily  distinguished  from  A.  furcatus  by 
its  habit  of  growing  in  closer  bunches.  It  is  also  much  shorter  and 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


more  slender,  and  has  a  tendency  to  grow  more  on  hills  or  ridges, 
while  A.  furcatus  likes  more  level,  richer  soil.     These  two  species  of 


Figs.  20-25. — 20,  A.  furcatiis,  pair  of  spikelets;  21,  A.  furcatus,  inflorescence; 
22,  A,  scoparius,  pair  of  spikelets;  23,  A.  scoparius,  inflorescence;  24,  A.  vir- 
ginicus,  inflorescence;  25,  A.  Virginians,  pair  of  spikelets 

Andropogon  were  found  in  abundance  on  the  original  prairie.  This 
species  usually  turns  purple  early  in  the  season.  When  young  it  is 
relished  by  stock. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey,  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Without 
locality,  along  railway  track,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1898;  Champaign,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1895. 
CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andreius.  COOK  co.  Constance,  Chicago,  A.  Chase, 
Aug.,  1900;  Englewood,  Hill,  Sept.,  1875;  Chicago,  Shcrff,  Aug.,  1912;  Thornton, 
Hill,  July,  1865.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  JACKSON  co.  Makanda, 
Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  443 ;  Hanover, 
Gleason  and  Gates  2528.  KANKAKEE  co.  Altorf,  Hill,  Aug.,  1872 ;  Waldron,  Hill, 
Aug.,  1873;  Kankakee,  Ve  Selm,  Sept.,  1913.  LAKE  co.  Beach  area  north  of 
Waukegan,  Gates  2921;  Waukegan,  Gleason  and  Shobe  319.  MCHENRY  co.  Eing- 
wood,  Vasey.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Eobertson,  Aug.,  1880.  PEORIA  co. 
Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1894.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  126.  WABASH  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Shearer;  Walter's  farm,  Schneclc,  Sept.,  1900;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Oct., 
1876;  Old  Palmyra,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1900;  Hanging  Eock,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1904. 


1918} 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


279 


26 


Figs.    2(5-27. — 2(>,    S.  nutans,    inflorescence; 
27,  S.  nutans,  group  of  spikelets 


280  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Andropogon  virginicus  L. 
Virginia  Beard  Grass.     Broom  Sedge   (Figs.  24  and  25) 

Andropogon  virginicus,  Lapham  '57,  549,  599;  Patterson  '76,  53;  Flagg  '78, 
285.  A.  dissitiflorus,  Brendel  '87,  89.  A.  virginicus,  Higley  and  Baddin  '91,  140. 

Culms  smooth  or  sparsely  pubescent,  1.5  to  4  feet  tall;  leaves 
usually  smooth ;  spikes  slender,  2,  3,  or  more  inclosed  in  a  prominent 
spathe;  pediceled  spikelets  reduced  to  a  minute  scale,  or  only  the 
pedicel  present ;  sessile  spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long,  the  awns  very  long 
and  straight. 

This  grass  grows  best  in  rather  sterile  soil.  It  is  often  looked  upon 
as  a  weed  because  it  forces  more  valuable  plants  from  permanent  pas- 
tures, tho  it  furnishes  fairly  good  grazing  early  in  the  season. 

COOK  co.  Evans.ton,  Shipman,  Sept.,  1875.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality, 
Pepoon.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel,  1850;  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 
WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel, 
Schneck,  Oct.,  1876 ;  Walter 's  farm,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1900 ;  Simond  's  farm,  Schneck, 
Oct.,  1897. 

4.  SORGHASTRUM  Nash 

This  genus  is  closely  related  to  Andropogon,  but  has  the  spikelets 
in  panicles.  It  is  found  in  both  tropical  and  temperate  climates.  The 
spikelets  are  in  pairs  or  in  threes  at  the  ends  of  the  panicle  branches 
and  are  of  two  kinds,  a  sessile  perfect  spikelet  with  one  or  two  slender, 
hairy  pedicels,  the  sterile  spikelet  obsolete. 

Sorghastrum  nutans  (L.)  Nash 
Indian  Grass.    Wood  Grass.    Wild  Sorghum  (Figs.  26  and  27) 

Andropogon  avenaceum,  Michaux  '03,  58.  Sorghum  nutans,  Lapham  '57, 
549,  601  (Plate  4,  Fig.  7);  Patterson  '76,  53;  Flagg  '78,  285.  Chrysopogon 
nutans,  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  141;  Huett  '97,  129.  Sorghas- 
trum  avenaceum,  Gleason  '07,  181.  Sorghastrum  nutans,  Gleason  '10,  147;  Glea- 
son  '12,  48;  Gates  '12,  354. 

Culms  smooth,  3  to  6  feet  tall ;  leaves  long  and  narrow,  the  blades 
slightly  rough ;  ligule  membranous,  3  to  5  mm.  long,  the  edge  slightly 
fringed ;  spikelets  6  to  8  mm.  long,  pubescent,  especially  at  base,  the 
awn  loosely  twisted,  12  to  15  mm.  long. 

This  grass  is  perennial  by  long,  creeping  rootstocks.  It  was  one  of 
the  grasses  of  the  original  prairie  and  was  found  over  practically  the 
same  area  as  Andropogon  furcatus.  When  in  bloom  it  is  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  our  native  grasses,  with  its  graceful  bronze-colored 
panicles  and  bright  yellow  anthers. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Without 
locality,  Searle,  Oot.,  1876;  Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1895;  Champaign,  Gibbs,  Oct., 
1898;  Champaign,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1898.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews. 
COOK  co.  Chicago,  A.  Chase,  Aug.,  1901.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Oct., 
1902.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon;  Canton,  Wolf,  jo  DAVIESS  co.  E. 
of  Warren,  Pepoon  562.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakec,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913.  LAKE 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLI-NOIS  281 

CO.  Beach  area  north  of  Waukegan,  Gates  2966;  Waukegan,  Glcason  and  Shobe 
325.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1880.  MARSHALL  co.  'Near 
Lawn  Eidge,  V.  H.  Chase  1591.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald;  Peoria,  Brendel. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  VERMILION  co.  Muncio,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1915. 
WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1900;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Old 
Palmyra,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1879.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  A.  H.  Skeels,  Sept.,  1904.  WIN- 
NEBAGO  CO.  Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Bebb. 

5.  HOLCUS  L. 

These  grasses  belong  to  tropical  and  warm  temperate  climates  and 
are  natives  of  the  Old  World.  The  various  cultivated  sorghums  belong 
to  this  genus,  also  kaffir  corn  and  broom  corn.  One  species,  H. 
lialapensis,  is  naturalized  in  America  and  has  been  found  as  a  weed  in 
Illinois.  The  inflorescence  consists  of  a  large  open  panicle,  the  pedi- 
celed  spikelets  staminate. 

Holcus  halapensis  L. 

Johnson  Grass  (Fig.  28) 

Sorghum  halapense,  Gray's  Manual,  7th  ed.,  Britton  '07. 

Culms  3  to  5  feet  tall,  usually  smooth;  leaves 
almost  smooth,  somewhat  rough  on  the  margins; 
ligule  membranous,  2  mm.  long,  the  upper  half 
fringed ;  spikelets  in  twos  or  threes ;  perfect  spike- 
lets  about  5  mm.  long,  with  appressed  hairs,  awn 
10  to  16  mm.  long;  pediceled  spikelets  slightly 
longer  than  the  sessile. 

This  grass  is  perennial  by  long,  stout,  creeping 
rootstocks  and  is  very  difficult  to  eradicate  where 
it  once  becomes  established.  It  is  much  liked  by 
apensis,  group  of  stock,  but  under  certain  conditions  is  poisonous 
spikelets  thru  the  production  of  hydrocyanic  acid. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1914.  Experiment  Station  grounds, 
Clinton,  Oct.,  1897.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  Aug.,  1898.  COOK  co. 
Glencoe,  Gates  1686.2.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel, 
Schneck,  July,  1894. 

6.  SYNTHERISMA  Walt. 
Finger  Grass.     Crab  Grass 

Our  species  of  this  genus  are  annuals.  One  species,  Synfherisma 
filiformis,  appears  to  be  a  native  of  Illinois ;  the  other  two  species  arc 
known  to  have  been  introduced  within  the  last  century.  The  inflores- 
cence consists  of  digitate,  spike-like  racemes,  hence  the  common  name, 
finger  grass.  The  spikelets  are  arranged  in  groups  of  two  or  three,  one 
subsessile  or  on  a'  very  short  pedicel,  the  others  on  pedicels  as  long  as 
the  spikelets  or  longer.  The  leaves  are  usually  thin  and  lax,  the 
ligules  short  and  membranous. 


282 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Rachis   with  the  lateral  angles   winged;    culms   spreading,   often   rooting   at  the 
lower  nodes. 

Pedicels  sharply  3-angled;  first  glume  present;  sheaths  densely  pubescent. 

S.  sanguinalis 

Pedicels  rounded;  first  glume  wanting;  sheaths  smooth.        S.  ischaemum 

Rachis  with  wingless  angles;  culms  erect,  never  spreading  and  rooting  at  the  lower 

nodes.  S.  filiformis 


\!  30 


Figs.  29-32. — 29,  S.  ischaemum,  inflorescence;  30,  S.  filiformis,  group  of  spike- 
lets;  31,  S.  ischaemum,  group  of  spikelets;  32,  8.  sanguinalis,  group  of  spikelets 

Syntherisma  filiformis  (L.)  Nash 
Slender  Finger  Grass   (Fig.  30) 

Digitaria  filiformis,  Engelmann  '44,  103.  Panicum  filiforme,  Lapham  '57, 
548,  593;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  88.  Syntherisma  fili- 
formis, Gleason  '07,  181.  Digitaria  filiformis,  Gleason  '10,  147. 

Culms  6  to  28  inches  long,  erect ;.  leaves  short,  grouped  at  the  base 
of  the  plant;  at  least  the  lower  sheaths  pubescent;  racemes  2  to  5, 
generally  erect;  spikelets  pubescent,  1.7  to  1.8  mm.  long,  mostly  in 
threes. 

This  grass  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil,  usually  along  roadsides 
and  in  waste  places.  It  is  not  abundant  in  Illinois. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860.  CHRISTIAN  CO. 
Taylorville,  Andrews,  July,  1898.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall;  Athens, 
Hall,  Sept.,  1866.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel  in  1850;  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer.  . 

Syntherisma  ischaemum  (,Schreb.)  Nash 
Small  Crab  Grass.    Smooth  Crab  Grass  (Figs.  29  and  31) 

Panicum  glabrum,  Lapham  '57,  548,  593;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76, 
52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  139;  Huett  '97,  128.  Syntherisma 
linearis,  Britton  '07,  77.  Digitaria  humifusa,  Gray's  Manual,  7th  ed.,  p.  95. 

Culms  6  to  24  inches  long,  spreading  over  the  ground,  often  rooting 
at  the  lower  nodes  and  forming  large  mats;  sheaths  and  blades  smooth 
and  glabrous ;  racemes  2  to  5,  usually  3 ;  spikelets  glandular  pubescent 
between  the  nerves,  2  to  2.2  mm.  long,  usually  in  threes,  on  rounded 
pedicels ;  first  glume  wanting. 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  283 

A  grass  of  the  same  habit  as  Si/nthcrisma  sanguindlis  and  probably 
often  confused  with  it.  It  is  found  as  a  weed  in  gardens  and  cultivated 
places  but  is  not  so  common  as  the  above-mentioned  species. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Clinton,  Aug.,  1899;  Urbana,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1888.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality, 
Pepoon;  Canton,  Wolf.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  PEORIA  co. 
Peoria,  Brendel.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  131.  WILL  co.  Mokena, 
A.  Chase  2014. 

Syntherisma  sangninalis  (L.)  Dulac 
Common  Crab  Grass.    Large  Crab  Grass  (Fig.  32.) 

Panicum  sanguinale,  Lapham  '57,  548,  593;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76, 
52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Huett  '91,  128.  Digitaria  sanguinalis,  Gates  '12,  354. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  long,  much  branched,  spreading,  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes  and  forming  large  mats ;  sheaths  densely  hairy ;  blades 
more  or  less  pubescent  on  both  surfaces ;  nodes  frequently  bearded  with 
refiexed  hairs ;  racemes  3  to  12 ;  spikelets  appressed  pubescent,  2.5  to 
3.5  mm.  long,  usually  in  pairs  on  sharply  angled  pedicels,  first  glume 
minute. 

This  grass  is  one  of  our  most  troublesome  weeds  in  Illinois,  being 
found  in  lawns,  gardens,  and  among  cultivated  crops.  It  is  also  found 
along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places.  Being  an  annual,  it  should  not 
be  allowed  to  produce  seed.  When  among  crops  it  is  generally  de- 
stroyed by  cultivation,  altho  its  habit  of  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes 
makes  eradication  somewhat  more  difficult  than  in  the  case  of  grasses 
without  this  habit.  It  is  most  serious,  however,  as  a  lawn  pest.  On 
account  of  its  habit  of  growth,  it  is  difficult  to  cut  with  the  lawn  mower, 
and  here  it  produces  seed  so  close  to  the  ground  that  it  entirely 
escapes  the  mower.  Hence  it  comes  up  from  seed  year  after  year,  and 
often,  especially  in  newly-made  lawns,  entirely  crowds  out  the  blue- 
grass. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  M.  8.  Bebb  in  1861;  without  locality, 
Hall.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1880;  Seymour,  Tsou,  Oct.,  1913; 
Urbana,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898;  Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1895;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct., 
1913.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  July  1,  1898.  FULTON  co.  Without 
locality,  Pepoon.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Warren,  Pepoon  479.  MC HENRY  co.  Algonquin, 
Nason,  Aug.,  1878.  PEORIA  ro.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1887;  Peoria,  Brendel. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer. 

7.    LEPTOLOMA    Chase 

This  genus  is  represented  in  North  America  by  a  single  species. 
The  plants  are  perennial  with  large,  open  panicles  at  the  ends  of  brittle 
culms,  the  panicles  breaking  off  when  the  plant  is  mature  and  forming 
tumbleweeds.  The  spikelets  are  one-flowrered,  with  a  minute  first 
glume.  The  lemma  and  palea  are  thick  and  leathery.  The  blades  are 
rather  firm  with  short,  membranous  ligules. 


284 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


Leptoloma  cognatum  (Schult.)  Chase 
Fall  Witch  Grass  (Figs.  33  and  34) 

Panicum  autumnale,  Lapham  '57,  548,  594 ;  Flagg  '78,  284 ;  Brendel  '87,  64 ; 
Huett  '97,  128;  McDonald  '00,  103.  Panicum  cognatum,  Gleason  '07,  181.  Lep- 
toloma cognatum,  Gleason  '10,  147. 

Culms  erect,  or  spreading  at  base,  much  branched,  1  to  2.5  feet 
long,  roughened  with  short,  stiff  hairs;  lower  sheaths  sometimes 


Figs.  33-34. — 33,  L.  cognatum,  inflorescence;    34,  L.  cognation, 

spikelct 

slightly  pubescent,  the  upper  smooth ;  blades  ]  to  3  inches  long,  4 
to  6  mm.  wide,  smooth  except  for  slightly  roughened  edges;,  panicle 
spreading,  hairy  in  the  axils;  spikelets  apprcssed  pubescent,  2.7  to  3 
mm.  long,  single  on  the  ends  of  long  pedicels. 

This  grass  is  not  abundant  in  Illinois.  It  occurs  mainly  in  the  sand 
areas  thruout  the  state. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  FULTON  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co.  Sandy  banks  of  the  Mississippi  near  Oquawka, 
Patterson,  Sept.,  1873;  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1881.  JO  DAVIESS  co. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  285 

Without  locality,  Pepoon  182.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913; 
Altorf,  Hill,  July,  1873.  MACON  co.  Decatur,  Clolcey,  Sept.,  1898.  MASON  co. 
Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1861.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  Mc- 
Donald, Aug.,  1889.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 

8.  PASPALUM  L. 

This  genus  includes  a  large  number  of  species,  most  of  which  are 
found  in  warm  climates.  None  of  the  species  are  abundant  in  the  state ; 
for  the  most  part  they  arc  found  in  the  southern  half.  The  inflo- 
rescence consists  of  spike-like  racemes  which  are  racemose  along  the 
main  axis.  The  spikelets  are  flat  on  one  side  and  strongly  convex  on 
the  other,  many  of  them  almost  hemispherical.  They  are  frequently 
arranged  in  pairs  on  the  rachis.  These  grasses  are  of  no  economic  im- 
portance in  the  state,  as  they  grow  mostly  in  wet  or  sandy  soil  and 
are  not  common.  The  leaves  are  long  and  narrow,  and  often  pubescent. 
The  amount  of  pubescence  present  is  quite  variable  on  all  parts  of  the 
plant. 

a.     Rachis  thin  and  leaf-like,  more  than  2  mm.  broad. 

b.     Spikelets  pubescent,  1.5  mm.  long,  elliptical;  blades  1  to  6  inches  long, 
6  to  14  mm.  broad.  P.  repens 

bb.     Spikelets  smooth,  2  mm.  long;  leaf -blades  2  inches  or  less  long.  2  to  6 
mm.  broad.  P.  dissectum 

aa.     Pachis  never  thin  and  leaf-like,  le^s  than  1  mm.  broad, 
b.     Spikelets  pubescent,  arranged  in  pairs. 

c.     Spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long,  usually  1.5  mm.,  usually  glandular 

spotted;  blades  densely  pilose.  P.  setaceum 

cc.     Spikelets  2  mm.  or  more  long,  not  glandular  spotted;  leaves  velvety, 

the  whole  plant  grayish.  P.  bushii 

bb.     Spikelets  smooth. 

c.     Blades  ciliate  on  the  margin,  the  surfaces  of  the  blade  either  smooth 

or  pubescent ;  spikelets  in  pairs. 

d.     Surfaces  of  blades  smooth  or  with  a  few  very  fine  hairs, 
e.     Spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  always  more  than  1.7  mm. 

f.     Spikelets    green;    culms    erect;    blades    usually    smooth; 
spikelets  averaging  2  mm.  in  length.       P.  cilwtifolium 
ff.     Spikelets  yellowish  or  straw  color;  culms  always  spread- 
ing ;  blades  usually  with  a  few  fine  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface;  spikelets  usually  more  than  2  mm.  long. 

P.  stramineum 

ce.     Spikelets  1.5  to  1.7  mm.  long;  leaves  usually  ciliate  on  the 

midnerve.  P.  longepedunculatum 

dd.     Surfaces  of  blades,  both  upper  and   under,   densely  pubescent: 

plants  erect;   spikelets  2  to  2.5  mm.  long.       P.  muhlenbergii 

cc.     Pladrs  not  ciliate  on  the  margin ;    spikelets  usually  arranged  singly. 

d.     Blades  conspicuously  pubescent. 

e.     Spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  arranged  in  pairs ;  culms  spread- 
ing or  prostrate.  P.  supinum 
ce.    -Spikelets  2.5  to  2.8  mm.  long,  arranged  singly;   sheaths  and 
blades  long  pilose;  culms  erect.                       P.  longipilum 
dd.     Blades  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;  spikelets  arranged  singly, 
e.     Spikelets  3  to  3.2  mm.  long;  leaf-blades  and  lower  sheaths 
with  a  few  hairs;  blades  reaching  the  base  of  the  panicle 
or  exceeding  it.                                                          P.  circulars 
ee.     Spikelets  2.5  to  2.9  mm.  long;  plants  smooth;  panicle  much 
exceeding  the  blades.  P.  lacve 


286  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Paspalum  bushii  Nash 
(Fig.  39) 

Culms  erect,  2.5  to  3.5  feet  long,  smooth;  leaves  gray-green;  lower 
sheaths  finely  pubescent,  the  upper  sheaths  ciliate  on  the  margin; 
blades  long,  usually  8  to  10  mm.  wide,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  densely 
velvety  on  both  surfaces,  and  with  a  few  long  hairs  intermixed ; 
racemes  2  or  3 ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  2  to  2.2  mm.  long,  pale  yellowish, 
oval,  densely  pubescent. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry  soil  and  is  probably  rare  in  Illinois. 

CASS  co.  Chandlerville,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1886.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka, 
Patterson. 


36 


Figs.  35-38. — 35,  P.  disscctum,  inflorescence;'  36,  P.  rcpens,  inflorescence, 
(a)  inflated  sheath;  37,  P.  longepedtinculatum,  inflorescence;  38,  P.  stramineum, 
leaf 

Paspalum  ciliatifolium  Michx. 
(Fig.  40) 

Culms  erect,  16  to  32  inches  long,  smooth ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades 
long,  thin,  6  to  15  mm.  wide,  smooth  and  glabrous  on  both  surfaces 
or  occasionally  with  a  few  hairs  along  the  midnerve  on  the  under 
side,  long  ciliate  on  the  margins;  racemes  single  or  in  pairs;  spikelete 
in  pairs,  oval  or  round,  1.8  to  2.2  mm.  long,  usually  smooth  and 
glabrous,  but  sometimes  with  short,  appressed  hairs. 

HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Aug.,  1874.  MARION  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, Brendel.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900.  WABASH  co.  Mt. 
Carmel,  Waitc,  Aug.,  1887. 


1918} 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


287 


Paspalum  circulars  Nash. 
Round-flowered  Paspalum  (Fig.  41) 

Culms  erect  or  slightly  reclining,  1  to  2.5  feet  long,  smooth ;  sheaths 
flattened,  the  lower  ones  densely  pubescent;  blades  long,  narrow,  5 
to  8  mm.  wide,  with  long  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  near  the  base, 
usually  smooth  and  glabrous  on  the  under  surface,  but  sometimes  with 
a  few  long  hairs ;  racemes  1  to  4,  usually  2  or  3 ;  spikelets  arranged 
singly,  smooth,  circular  in  outline,  3  to  3.2  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  moist  places.  It  resembles  P. 
laeve,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  pubescent  sheaths 
and  larger  spikelets. 

CLINTON  co.  Shattuck,  Waite,  Aug.,  1887.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality, 
Brcndel.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1877. 


42 


43 


Figs.  39-44. — 39,  P.  bushii,  spikelets,  (a)  glandular  hairs;  40,  P.  ciliati- 
folium,  spikelets;  41,  P.  circulate,  spikelet;  42,  P.  dissectum,  spikelet;  43, 
P.  laeve,  spikelet;  44,  P.  longepedunculatum,  spikelets 

Paspalum  dissectum  L. 

Walter's  Paspalum  (Figs.  35  and  42) 

Paspalum  walterianum,  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  much  branched,  usually  spreading  along  the  ground  at  the 
base  and  often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  1  to  2  feet  long,  the  flowering 
culms  erect  or  ascending;  sheaths  somewhat  inflated,  smooth;  blades 
always  less  than  3  inches  in  length,  usually  much  shorter,  smooth; 
racemes  3  to  7,  alternate,  about  an  inch  in  length,  usually  partly  in- 
cluded in  the  upper  sheath,  rachis  flattened,  green  and  membranous, 
2  to  3  mm.  wide;  spikelets  arranged  in  two  rows,  smooth,  oval,  2  to 
2.2  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  damp  or  wet  places  along  ditches  and 
streams. 

PERRY  co.  Du  Quoin,  Eggert  in  1893.  PULASKI  co.  Mound  City,  Brendel, 
Aug.,  1853.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel  in  1850;  without  locality, 
Brendel,  Aug.,  1851;  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 

Paspalum  laeve  Michx. 
Field  Paspalum.    Smooth  Paspalum  (Fig.  43) 

Paspalum  laeve,  Lapham  '57,  548,  592  (Plate  4,  Fig.  3);  Patterson  '76,  52; 
Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  sometimes  erect  but  oftener  spreading,  or  even  lying  flat 


288  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

on  the  ground,  1  to  3  feet  long;  sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous,  some- 
times ciliate  on  the  margins,  but  never  pubescent;  blades  long,  but 
seldom  more  than  8  inches,  4  to  8  mm.  wide,  smooth;  racemes  2  to 
6,  commonly  2  or  3,  hairy  in  the  axils,  not  over  3.5  inches  long;  spike- 
lets  arranged  singly  in  two  rows,  smooth,  2.5  to  2.9  mm.  long. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  species  of  Paspalum  in  localities  where 
this  genus  is  found.  There  are  two  varieties,  P.  laeve  australe,  which 
has  blades  pilose  above  and  sometimes  towards  the  base  beneath,  and 
P.  laeve  angustifolium,  which  has  much  longer  blades,  usually  over 
8  inches,  commonly  folded,  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  and 
racemes  which  are  usually  four  inches  in  length.  These  varieties  are 
usually  found  in  the  same  localities  as  the  species,  but  none  have,  as 
yet,  been  seen  from  Illinois.  This  species  is  usually  found  in  moist 
fields  and  meadows. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey.  HENDER- 
fON  CO.  Oqnawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1877.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S. 
BeW)  in  1860.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel  in  1853.  PERRY  co.  Du  Quoin,  Sey- 
mour, Aug.,  1880.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  r.o.  Without  lo- 
cality, Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1877. 

Paspalum  long-epedunculatum  Le  Conte 
Long-stalked  Paspalum  (Figs.  37  and  44) 

Culms  usually  spreading  or  reclining,  slender,  smooth,  12  to  20 
inches  long ;  leaves  mostly  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  plant ;  sheaths 
smooth;  blades  long-ciliate  on  the  margins,  usually  smooth  on  both 
surfaces,  but  sometimes  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface ;  blades  usually 
not  over  four  inches  long,  4  to  6  mm.  wide ;  racemes  1  or  2  on  a  very 
long,  slender  peduncle ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  smooth,  1.5  to  1.7  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry  or  sandy  soil  in  about  the  same  situa- 
tions as  P.  mulilenbergii. 

PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900.  ROCK  ISLAND  co.  Rock  Island, 
banks  of  the  Mississippi  river,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1900. 

Paspalum  longipilum  Nash 
Long-haired  Paspalum  (Fig.  45) 

Paspalum  plenipilum,  Gray's  Manual,  7th  ed.,  Britton  '07. 

Culms  erect,  1  to  3  feet  long,  smooth ;  sheaths  flattened,  with  hairs 
about  equal  to  the  sheath  in  width,  more  numerous  along  the  margin 
and  midnerve;  blades  usually  erect,  often  folded,  densely  pubescent 
on  the  upper  surface,  the  hairs  longer  near  the  base,  less  densely  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  surface ;  racemes  2  to  6,  usually  3,  on  a  long  peduncle, 
densely  hairy  in  the  axils;  spikelets  oval,  smooth,  arranged  singly, 
2.5  to  2.8  mm.  long. 

This  species  somewhat  resembles  P.  laeve,  but  is  distinguished  by 
the  pubescent  sheaths.  The  hairs  011  sheaths  and  blades  are  much 
longer  than  in  cither  variety  of  P.  laeve. 

EICHLAND  CO.  Olney,  Eidgway,  in  1914.  WABASH  CO.  Without  locality, 
Shearer, 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  289 

Paspalum  muhlenbergii  Nash 
(Fig.  46) 

Culms  usually  erect,  but  often  spreading  or  reclining,  16  to  32 
inches  long,  smooth ;  sheaths  usually  pubescent ;  blades  long  and  nar- 
row, 5  to  10  mm.  wide,  usually  wider  near  the  middle,  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  appressed  pubescent  on  both  surfaces ;  racemes  1  or  2 ;  spike- 
lets  in  pairs,  smooth,  2  to  2.5  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  generally  found  in  sandy  soil,  along  roadsides,  in 
vacant  lots,  and  other  uncultivated  places. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville, 
Andrews.  JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  French,  July,  1878.  MACOUPIN  co. 
Carlinville,  Robertson  in  1881.  MARION  CO.  Without  locality,  Brendel  in  1860. 
IEORIA  co.  Pooria.  Brendel  in  1859.  POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July,  1898.  ST. 
CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Without 
locality,  Shearer. 

Paspalum  repens  Berg. 
Water  Paspalum  (Figs.  36  and  47) 

Paspalum  fluitans,  Lapham  '57,  548,  592 ;  Patterson  '76,  52 ;  Flagg  '78,  284 ; 
Brendel  '87,  88.  Paspalum  mucronatum,  Britton  '07,  73. 

Culms  ascending,  6  to  36  inches  long,  much  branched,  the  branches 
spreading  out  at  the  base ;  sheaths  inflated,  very  loose,  either  smooth 
or  slightly  pubescent;  blades  2  to  8  inches  long,  6  to  25  mm.  wide,  very 
thin,,  slightly  rough ;  racemes  10  to  40,  the  rachis  flattened  and  mem- 
branous; spikelets  arranged  in  two  rows,  slightly  pubescent,  1  to  1.5 
mm.  long. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  water,  with  the  stems  floating,  the 
inflated  sheaths  serving  as  floats.  It  is  found  sometimes  in  wet,  muddy 
places. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey;  without  lo- 
cality, southern  Illinois,  Forbes.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept., 
1877.  JERSEY  co.  Bottom  lands,  Grafton,  Seymour,  Oct.,  1882.  JOHNSON  co. 
Belknap,  Gleason,  Aug.,  1902.  PULASKI  co.  Mound  City,  Vasey.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Without  locality,  Brendel,  Aug.,  1850;  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 

Paspalum  setaceum  Michx. 

(Fig.  48) 

Lapham  '57,  592;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  88;  Mc- 
Donald '00,  103;  Gleason  '07,  181;  Gleason  '10,  147. 

Culms  usually  erect,  1  to  2  feet  long,  smooth  and  slender;  lower 
sheaths  and  blades  densely  pubescent;  racemes  usually  single,  occa- 
sionally 2,  on  a  long,  slender  peduncle;  spikelets  in  pairs,  almost  cir- 
cular, 1.5  mm.  long,  usually  pubescent  and  glandular  spotted,  but 
sometimes  smooth  and  glabrous. 

This  species  has  been  confused  with  P.  mulilenbergii,  which  has 
much  larger  spikelets.  Many  of  the  herbarium  specimens  of  P. 
muhlenbergii  examined  were  labeled  P.  setaceum,,  so  it  is  quite  possible 
that  the  citations  above  refer  to  both  species. 

LEE  co.  Dixon,  Vasey.  MASON  co.  Without  locality,  Wolf;  without  locality, 
Hall;  Devil's  Hole,  Havana,  Gates  3439. 


290 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Paspalum  stramineum  Nash 
Straw-colored  Paspalum  (Figs.  38  and  49) 

Culms  often  spreading  or  almost  flat  on  the  ground,  smooth,  8  to 
24  inches  long ;  leaves  yellowish  green  or  straw  color ;  sheaths  smooth 
and  glabrous  except  on  the  margin,  where  there  is  a  fringe  of  short 
hairs ;  blades  rather  firm,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  at  least  10  mm.  wide, 
some  very  fine  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  smooth  and  glabrous  on 
the  under  surface ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  yellow  or  almost  white,  usually 
smooth,  almost  circular,  very  thick,  2  to  2.2  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  sandy  places  and  is  easily  distinguished 
by  the  pale  color  of  leaves  and  spikelets. 

CASS  CO.  Beardstown,  McDonald  in  1900.  JO  DAVIESS  CO.  Sandy  prairie 
near  Mississippi  river,  Pepoon  399.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill,  Aug.,  1872; 
Altorf,  Hill,  Aug.,  1872.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Waite,  Aug.,  1887. 


Figs.  45-50. — 45,  P.  longipilum,  spikelet;  46,  P.  muhlenbergii,  spikelets,  47, 
P.  repens,  spikelets;  48,  P.  setaceum,  spikelets;  49,  P.  stramineum,  spikelets; 
50,  P.  supinum,  spikelets 

Paspalum  supinum  Bosc. 

(Fig.  50) 

Culms  spreading  or  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  2  to  3  feet  long, 
smooth;  sheaths  and  blades  conspicuously  pubescent;  blades  long, 
usually  1  foot  or  more,  5  to  15  mm.  wide;  spikelets  in  pairs,  smooth, 
oval,  about  2  mm.  long. 

This  species  closely  resembles  P.  bushii  in  the  "fuzzy"  appearance 
of  the  leaves,  but  is  distinguished  by  the  glabrous  spikelets.  In  P. 
bushii  the  culms  are  erect,  but  never  in  P.  supinum. 

MASON  co.  Manito,  Wilcox  56.  UNION  CO.  Anna,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880. 
WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Patterson  in  1877. 

9.    PANICUM    L. 

This  genus  belongs  typically  to  warm  climates  and  includes  a  very 
large  number  of  species,  of  which  thirty-six  have  been  found  in  Illi- 
nois. A  few  of  these  are  weeds,  but  the  majority  of  them  are  of  no 
economic  importance.  Most  of  the  species  are  perennials,  but  a  few 
are  annuals,  and  among  the  annuals  are  found  the  species  which  are 
common  weeds.  The  inflorescence  usually  consists  of  many-flowered 
panicles.  The  spikelets  have  two  glumes  and  a  sterile  lemma,  which 


1913]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  291 

arc  usually  strongly  nerved,  and  a  very  hard,  shiny,  fertile  lemma 
and  palca  inclosing  the  fruit,  which  are  never  nerved.  This  genus 
was  recently  revised  by  Hitchcock  and  Chase  ( Contributions  from  the 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.,  Vol.  15,  1910).  The  Illinois  species  have  been  ar- 
ranged in  groups  following  their  classification,  then  arranged  alpha- 
betically under  the  different  groups. 

a.     Spikelets  smooth  and  glabrous. 

b.     Plants  never  forming  a  winter  rosette  of  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  culm, 

the  leaves  all  similar, 
c.     Plants  annual,  without  creeping  rootstocks. 

d.  .First  glume  not  over  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  spikelet,  and 
usually  broadlv  rounded  at  the  apex,  never,  sharp-pointed ; 
plants  generally  smooth  thruout.  P.  dichotomiflorum 

dd.     First  glume  always  one-half  the  length  of  the  spikelet,  or  more; 
plants  typically  very  pubescent,  the  sheaths  usually  papillose- 
hirsute;  panicles  many-flowered,  usually  large,  with  fine  capil- 
lary branches, 
e.     Spikelets  4.5  to  5  mm.  long,  panicles  often  drooping. 

P.  miliaceum 

ee.     Spikelets  always  less  than  4  mm.  long;  panicles  never  droop- 
ing, numerous,  one-third  the  entire  height  of  the  plant  or 
more, 
f .     Spikelets  2.5  or  more  long,  usually  at  least  3  mm. ;  blades 

sparsely  pubescent. 

g.  Panicles  as  broad  as  long,  leaves  usually  crowded  at 
the  base  of  the  plant.  P.  barbipulvinatum 

.  gg.     Panicles  narrow,  usually  less  than  half  as  broad  as 

long.  P.  flexile 

ff.     Spikelets  only  rarely  exceeding  2.2  mm.  long;  blades  gen- 
erally densely  pubescent. 

g.  Culms  slender;  the  panicles  delicate,  relatively  few- 
flowered  ;  spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long,  usually  in 
pairs  at  the  ends  of  the  naked  panicle  branches. 

P.  philadelphicum 

gg.     Culms  stout;   panicles  diffuse,  many-flowered;   spike- 
lets  2  mm.  or  more  long. 

h.     Panicles  as  broad  as  long,  usually  more  than  half 

the  length  of  the  entire  plant,  mostly  terminal 

only.  P.  capillare 

hh.     Panicles  oval,  seldom  as  broad  as  long,  normally 

one-third  the  length  of  the  entire  plant,  or  less, 

produced  from  all  the  nodes.         P.  gattingeri 

cc.     Plants  perennial,  with  or  without  creeping  rootstocks. 

d.     Panicles  open,  the  spikelets  long  pediceled;    culms  from  long, 

creeping  rootstocks,  not  flattened.  P.  virgatum 

dd.     Panicles  somewhat  contracted  and  resembling  those  of  common 

redtop,   (Agrostis  alba);  culms  flattened,  sheaths  keeled, 
e.     Long,  scaly  rootstocks  present;  spikelets  3.4  to  3.8  mm.  long. 

P.  anceps 
ee.     Eootstocks  never  present;  spikelets  1.8  to  2  mm.  long. 

P.  agrostoides 
bb.     Plants  forming  a  winter  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  these  much 

shorter  and  broader  than  the  culm  leaves, 
c.     Spikelets  over  3  mm.  long. 

d.  Spikelets  pointed  or  beaked;  blades  very  long  and  narrow,  usu- 
ally stiff  and  erect  from  the  base  of  the  plant;  panicle  narrow 
and  few-flowered.  P.  depauperatum 

dd.  Spikelets  blunt;  blades  short  and  rather  broad,  distributed  along 
the  culm;  panicle  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  but  not  densely 
flowered.  P.  scribnerianum 


292  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

cc.     Spikelets  less  than  3  mm.  long. 

d.  Blades  very  long  and  narrow,  not  over  5  mm.  wide,  usually  all 
erect  from  the  base  of  the  plant  and  usually  longer  than  the 
panicle  until  it  is  mature;  spikelets  2.2  to  2.7  mm.  long; 
sheaths  pilose.  P.  linenrifolium 

dd.  Blades  not  elongated,  not  in  a  tuft  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  the 
panicle  always  considerably  above  the  leaves;  sheaths  smooth, 
or  the  lowermost  sometimes  puberulent. 

e.     Spikelets  more  than  2  mm.  long,  pointed;  sheaths  with  pale 
glandular  spots.  P.  yadldnense 

cc.     Spikelets  2  mm.  or  less  long,  not  pointed. 
f.     Nodes  bearded. 

g.     Ligule  not  present;  spikelets  1.5  to  1.6  mm.  long. 

•   P.  microcarpon 

gg.     Ligule  present;   spikelets  2  mm.  long;   at  least  the 
lower  nodes  bearded;  fruit  always  covered  by  the 
second  glume  and  sterile  lemma.        P.  barbulatum 
ff.     Nodes  not  bearded;  spikelets  2  mm.  long;  the  fruit  ex- 
posed at  tip,  never  quite  covered  by  the  second  glume 
and  sterile  lemma.  P.  dichotomum 

aa.     Spikelets  more  or  less  pubescent. 

b.     Blades  broad,  usually  more  than  1.5  cm.  wide,  cordate  at  base;   culms 

stout,  usually  two  feet  or  more  high;  spikelets  over  2.5  mm.  long, 
c.     Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  hispid,  the  hairs  arising  from  prom- 
inent papillae;  spikelets  2.7  to  3  mm.  long.          P.  clandestinum 
cc.     Sheaths  smooth,  or  with  a  few  soft  hairs. 

d.     Nodes  smooth;  spikelets  less  than  4  mm.  long.          P.  latifotium 

dd.     Nodes  bearded;  spikelets  4  to  4.5  mm.  long.  P.  boscii 

bb.     Blades  narrow,  at  least  not  over  1.5  em.  wide,  usually  not  cordate  at  base; 

culms  never  as  stout,  rarely  as  tall,  as  in  the  preceding  species. 
c.     Spikelets  2  mm.  or  more  long. 

d.     Blades  much  elongated,  the  length  usually  more  than  fifteen  times 
the  breadth,  less  than  5  mm.  wide,  the  leaves  growing  mostly 
erect  from  the  base  and  forming  tufts. 
e.     Spikelets  about  3.5  mm.  long,  pointed  or  beaked. 

P.  depauperatum 
ee.     Spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  less,  not  pointed  or  beaked. 

f .  Culms  in  small  tufts ;  spikelets  2.7  to  3.2  mm.  long,  almost 
as  broad  as  long.  P.  pcrlongum 

ff.     Culms  in  large  tufts;  spikelets  2.2  to  2.7  mm.  long,  dis- 
tinctly longer  than  broad.  P.  linearifolium 
dd.     Blades  usually  not  elongated,  generally  over  5  mm.  wide;  leaves 
not  all  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  but  distributed  along 
the  culm, 
e.     Spikelets  more  than  3  mm.  long;  culms  stout,  erect,  with  stiff 

blades,  and  usually  pubescent  sheaths. 

f.  Plants  densely  pubescent  thruout,  the  hairs  arising  from 
small  papillae,  those  on  the  sheaths  spreading;  panicle 
narrow,  always  longer  than  wide.  P.  leibergii 

ff.  Plants  not  densely  pubescent  thruout,  usually  with  few 
hairs  on  the  blades,  the  upper  surface  normally  smooth ; 
panicle  about  as  wide  as  long. 

g.  Spikelets  distinctly  longer  than  broad,  somewhat 
pointed,  usually  pubescent;  plants  olivaceous,  pu- 
bescence appressed.  P.  oligosanthes 
gg.  Spikelets  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  blunt,  usually 
nearly  smooth;  plants  always  bright  green  or  yel- 
lowish green,  pubescence  not  appressed. 

P.  scribnenanum 
ee.     Spikelets  less  than  3  mm.  long. 

f.  Leaves  densely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  the  entire 
plant  pubescent;  spikelets  2.2  to  2.4  mm.  long. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  293 

g.     Hairs  on  the  culms  and  sheaths  spreading  horizon- 
tally. P.  villosissimum 
gg.     Hairs  on  the  culms  and  sheaths  not  spreading  hori- 
zontally, but  appressed  or  ascending. 

P.  pseudopubescens 
ff.     Leaves  not  densely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  the  entire 

plant  not  noticeably  pubescent. 

g.     Blades  ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous,  or  with  a  few  fine 

hairs;    spikelets    2   mm.   long;    sheaths    retrorsely 

pilose;  blades  very  soft.  P.  xalapense 

gg.     Blades  broad,  sometimes  ciliate  around  the  cordate 

base;  spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long;  sheaths  smooth; 

blades  firm.  P.  commutatum 

cc.     Spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long. 

d.     Culms  and  sheaths  densely  and  usually  conspicuously,  pubescent ; 

ligules  densely  hairy,  2  to  5  mm.  long. 
•  e.     Spikelets  more  than  1.5  mm.  long. 

f.  Culms  conspicuously  pubescent  with  long,  soft,  horizon- 
tally spreading  hairs;  blades  pubescent,  the  hairs 
nearly  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  blade;  spikelets  1.8 
to  1.9  mm.  long.  P.  praecocius 

ff.     Culms  and  blades  pubescent,  with  short,  appressed  hairs, 
g.     Upper  surface  of  blades  smooth,  or  with  only  a  few 
hairs  near  base ;  blades  with  a  thin,  white  margin ; 
spikelets  1.6  to  1.7  mm.  long.        P.  tennesseense 
gg.     Upper   surface    of   blades   pubescent;    blades   never 
with  a  thin,  white  margin;  spikelets  1.6  to  1.8  mm. 
long.  P.  huachucae 

ee.     Spikelets  1.5  mm.  or  less  long. 

f.     Summit  of  the  culm  with  long  hairs,  panicle  branches 

tangled.  P.  implicatum 

ff.     Summit  of  the  culm  without  hairs;  panicle  branches  not 

tangled.  P.  meridionale 

g.     Culms    and    sheaths    not    conspicuously    pubescent, 

either  smooth  or  with  short,  appressed  hairs ;  ligules 

(except  in  P.  lindheimeri)  generally  very  short,  not 

over  1.5  mm.  long. 

h.     Spikelets  not  spherical,  longer  than  broad;  lig- 
ules always  visible;  blades  narrow, 
i.     Sheaths    ciliate,    otherwise    glabrous    or    the 
lower  sparsely  pilose,  about  half  the  length 
of  the  internode;  ligule  densely  hairy,  3  to 
5  mm.  long.  P.  lindheimeri 

ii.  Sheaths  appressed  pubescent,  very  little 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligules  about 
1  mm.  long.  P.  tsugetorum 

hh.     Spikelets  spherical  or  nearly  so;  Ifgules  obsolete 

or  nearly  so;  blades  broad. 

i.     Panicle  nearly  as  broad  as  long;  blades  not 

distinctly  nerved.  P.  sphaerocarpon 

ii.     Panicle  about  two-thirds  as  broad  as  long; 

blades  distinctly  nerved.  P.  polyanthes 

DICHOTOMIFLORA 

Only  one  species  of  this  group  is  found  in  Illinois.  These  are 
annual  plants,  typically  smooth  thruout,  with  large,  spreading  panicles 
4  to  16  inches  long.  The  leaves  arc  long  and  narrow,  the  ligules  1  to 
3  nun.  long,  membranous,  edged  with  a  fringe  of  long  hairs.  The 
first  glume  is  very  short,  one-fourth  or  less  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 


294 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Fig.  51. — P.  dicho- 
tomiflorum,  spike- 
let 


Panicum  dichotomiflorum  Michx. 
Sprouting  Crab  Grass  (Fig.  51) 

Panicum  proliferum,  Lapham  '57,  548,  549;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78, 
284;  Brendel  '87,  64.  Panicum  dichotomiflorum,  Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  51. 

Entire  plant  usually  smooth  and  glabrous-,  culms  1  to  4  feet  long, 
somewhat  flattened,  usually  spreading  at  the  base,  but  sometimes  erect, 
geniculate  at  the  nodes,  the  nodes  often  consider- 
ably swollen;    sheaths  loose,  very  often  purplish; 
blades  4  to  20  inches  long,  3  to  20  mm.  broad; 
spikelets  smooth,  2  to  3  mm.  long,  usually  2.5  mm. 
This  species  is  usually  found  in  moist  ground 
and  along  ditches  and  streams,  and  generally  pro-^ 
duces  a  very  rank  growth.    It  also  occurs  as  a  weed 
in  waste  places  and  cultivated  soil,  often  forming 
a  rank  growth  after  crops  have  been  removed.    In 
such  situations  it  must  be  regarded  as  a  weed,  but 
it  is  not  usually  very  troublesome  as  it  is  an  annual 
and  can  be  easily  controlled  if  thoro  cultivation  is 
given  the  soil  and  no  seed  is  allowed  to  form. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Yasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Gibls,  Oct.,  1886;  Champaign,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1914;  Urbana,  Gibls,  Sept.,  1898; 
Urbana,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Sept.,  1914.  CHRISTIAN  co. 
Taylorville,  Andrews,  Aug.,  1898.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  TJmbach  in  1896;  Chicago, 
Moffatt  374.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  485;  Canton,  Wolf.  HAN- 
COCK co.  Without  locality,  Mead  in  1842.  JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Seymour,  Aug., 
1880.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Warren,  Pepoon  485.  KANKAKEE  ro.  Kankakee,  De  Selm, 
Sept.,  1913.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald  71.  PIATT  co.  White 
Heath,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1914.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Eggert  110;  Mascoutah, 
Wclsch.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  SchnecTc  in  1904 ;  without  locality,  Nearer; 
Mt.  Carmel,  SchneoJc  in  1888. 

CAPILLABIA 

The  plants  in  this  group  are  all  annuals.  They  are  very  pubescent, 
usually  on  both  culms  ajid  leaves,  but  at  least  on  the  leaves.  The 
hairs  arise  from  small,  rounded  papillae.  The  ligules  are  about  3  mm. 
long  and  are  fringed  with  hairs.  The  panicles  are  of  the  type  shown 
in  Fig.  33,  usually  large,  from  4  to  18  inches  long,  and  at  maturity  they 
often  break  away  from  the  plant  and  become  tumble-weeds.  The 
spikelets  are  smooth  and  the  first  glume  is  always  at  least  one-third  the 
length  of  the  spikelet.  Six  species  of  this  group  are  found  in  Illinois. 


Panicum  barbipulvinatum  Nash 

(Fig.  52) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  63. 

Culms  erect,  6  inches  to  3  feet  long,  pubescent  below  the  nodes ; 
sheaths  very  pubescent;  blades  sparsely  pubescent  on  both  surfaces, 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  295 

1.5  to  6  inches  long,  3  to  12  mm.  wide ;  panicles  broad  and  spreading, 
often  almost  half  the  length  of  the  plant,  few-flowered;  spikelets 
smooth,  3  to  3.3  mm.  long,  usually  about  3  mm. 

This  species  very  closely  resembles  P.  capillare ;  at  first  sight  the 
two  might  be  considered  identical.  P.  barbipulvinatum,  however, 
has  a  much  thinner  and  more  spreading  panicle,  its  blades  are  not  so 
hairy  and  its  spikelets  are  larger. 

HENDERSON  co.  •  Vicinity  of  Oquawka,  Patterson. 

Panicum  capillare  L. 

Witch  Grass.     Tumble-weed.     Old  Witch  Grass.     Tickle  Grass 

(Fig.  53) 

Michaux  '03,  47;  Lapham  '57,  548,  594;  Babcoek  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  52; 
Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  04;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  139;  Huett  '97,  128; 
Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  60;  Gates  '12,  354;  Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  usually  erect,  8  inches  to  4  feet  long,  pubescent,  especially 
at  the  nodes ;  sheaths  densely  pubescent,  the  hairs  nearly  as  long  as  the 
sheath  is  wide;  blades  4  to  10  inches  long,  5  to  15  mm.  wide,  the 
midrib  prominent,  both  surfaces  thickly  covered  with  short,  appressed 
pubescence;  panicle  many-flowered,  included  in  the  sheath  till  matur- 
ity, then  very  large  and  spreading,  sometimes  half  the  length  of  the 
plant,  nearly  circular  in  outline,  finally  breaking  away  from  the  plant 
and  acting  as  a  tumble-weed ;  spikelets  2  to  2.5  mm.  long. 

This  is  a  very  common  species  in  Illinois,  by  far  the  most  common 
of  this  group.  It  is  a  weed  in  cornfields  and  among  other  cultivated 
crops.  It  is  also  found  along  ditches  and  in  other  moist  places.  It  is 
easily  eradicated  by  cultivation  if  care  is  taken  to  destroy  the  plants 
before  the  seed  forms. 

CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Urbana,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1913; 
Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1895;  Seymour,  Tsou,  Oct.,  1913.  COOK  co.  Chicago, 
Robert  Bebb  2917;  Chicago,  Bdbcock,  Sept.,  1874.  DU  PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Urn- 
bach  in  1898.  FORD  co.  Roberts,  Wilcox  109.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality, 
Pepoon.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  478.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kanka- 
kee,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913.  LAKE  co.  Lake  Foiest,  Jensen,  Aug.,  1895.  MCHENRY 
CO.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1879.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1904. 
PIATT  co.  White  Heath,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1914.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Cahokia,  Eggert, 
Sept.,  1875 ;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  .  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  in  1897. 
•WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Sept.,  1899;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneclc,  Sept., 
1876.  WILL  co.  Mokena,  A.  Chase  2008. 

Panicum  flexile  (Gattinger)  Scribn. 
(Fig.  54) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  55. 

Culms  erect,  8  to  20  inches  long,  almost  smooth  except  at  the  nodes ; 
sheaths  pubescent,  the  hairs  about  half  as  long  as  the  width  of  the 
sheath,  but  not  very  conspicuous ;  blades  sparsely  pubescent  or  smooth, 
4  to  12  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide;  panicles  narrow,  few-flowered, 


296 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


seldom  half  the  length  of  the  plant ;  spikclcts  smooth,  3  to  3.5  mm.  long. 
This  is  not  a  common  species  in  Illinois.  It  is  found  in  sandy  soil, 
usually  where  it  is  moist.  It  is  readily  distinguished  from  P.  capillare 
by  its  slender  habit  of  growth,  less  dense  pubescence  on  the  sheaths, 
smaller,  narrower  panicles,  narrower  leaves,  and  larger,  more  pointed 
spikelets.  Its  habit  of  growth  is  more  like  that  of  P.  philadelpTiicum, 
from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  narrower  panicle,  and  longer, 
pointed  spikelets. 

COOK  CO.  Chicago,  A.  Chase  1474,  1479,  1729,  2006;  Chicago,  Hill  in  1901; 
Irondale,  Chicago,  A.  Chase  1473;  Grand  Crossing,  Bobert  Bebb  2928;  Grand 
Crossing,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1893.  JLAKE  co.  Beach,  Umbach  2543.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Without  locality,  Eggert  241.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Oct.,  1915; 
Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1879. 


52  53          54  55  56  57 

Figs.  52-57. — Spikelets:  52,  P.  barbipulvinatum  ;  53,  P.  capillare;  54,  P. 
flexile;  55,  P.  gattingeri;  56,  P.  miliaceum;  57,  P..philadelphicum 

Panicum  gattingeri  Nash 
(Fig.  55) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  57. 

Culms  8  inches  to  3  feet  long,  erect  at  first,  but  soon  spreading  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  culms,  nodes,  and  sheaths  densely  pubes- 
cent, the  hairs  almost  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  culm ;  blades  4  to  8 
inches  long,  6  to  10  mm.  wide,  sparsely  pubescent  or  smooth ;  panicles 
numerous,  oval  in  outline,  never  as  much  as  half  the  length  of  the 
plant;  spikelets  usually  2  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  very  closely  related  to  P.  capillare  but  differs  in  the 
spreading  habit,  the  more  oval  outline  of  the  panicle  and  the  shorter, 
broader  spikelets.  It  is  usually  a  weed  and  is  found  in  the  same  situ- 
ations as  P.  capillare.  It  may  easily  be  eradicated  by  cultivation,  which 
prevents  the  formation  of  seed. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seyn\our,  Oct.,  1880.  FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf 
in  1882.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase, 
Sept.,  1900;  124  in  1897.  VERMILION  co.  Catlin,  Lansing,  Sept.,  1912.  WABASH 
no.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Aug.,  1915. 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  297 

Panicum  miliaceum  L. 

Broom-corn  Millet.     Hog  Millet  (Fig.  56) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  69. 

Culms  stout,  usually  erect,  8  inches  to  3  feet  high,  pubescent  below 
the  nodes,  which  are  densely,  softly  pubescent ;  sheaths  loose,  densely 
pubescent,  the  hairs  not  more  than  half  the  width  of  the  sheath ;  blades 
4  to  12  inches  long  and  8  to  20  mm.  broad,  sparsely  long  pubes- 
cent on  both  surfaces,  sometimes  almost  smooth ;  panicles  rela- 
tively small,  rather  compact,  many-flowered,  and  usually  drooping; 
spikelets  4.5  to  5  mm.  long. 

This  plant  frequently  escapes  from  cultivation  and  is  found  in 
waste,  places. 

COOK  co.  Chicago,  A.  Chase  1633;  Woodlawn,  Chicago,  Millspaiigh  389. 
LAKE  co.  Beach  Area,  Gates.  VERMILION  CO.  Hastings,  S.  Gray  in  1905. 

Panicum  philadelphicum  Bernh. 

(Fig.  57) 

Culms  erect  an'd  slender,  6  to  20  inches  long,  usually  pubescent 
but  sometimes  smooth  and  glabrous;  sheaths  densely  pubescent,  the 
hairs  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  sheath  and  usually  perpendicular  to 
it ;  blades  short  and  narrow7,  1  to  4  inches  long  and  2  to  6  mm.  wide, 
sparsely  pubescent;  panicles  oval  in  outline,  few-flowered,  the  spike- 
lets  mostly  in  twos,  1.7  to  2  mm.  long. 

This  plant  is  usually  yellowish  green  and  is  much  smaller  and  more 
slender  than  P.  capillare.  The  panicles  are  very  much  smaller,  never 
more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  plant,  and  the  spikelets  are 
usually  smaller.  This  species  is  found  in  rather  dry  soil,  by  roadsides 
and  in  waste  places.  It  is  rare  in  Illinois. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:     Without  locality,  Vasey. 

VIEGATA 

This  group  includes  plants  which  are  perennial  by  stout,  creeping 
rootstocks.  They  are  not  densely  pubescent  plants  like  the  Capillaria, 
the  only  species  in  Illinois  being  practically  smooth  thruout.  The 
ligules  are  2  to  4  mm.  long,  membranous,  and  fringed  with  hairs.  The 
spikelets  are  large  and  contain  a  staminate  flower  in  addition  to  the 
perfect  one.  The  first  glume  is  always  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  spikelet,  and  the  second  glume  is  longer  than  the  sterile  lemma. 

Panicum  virgatum  L. 

Switch  Grass   (Fig.  58) 

Michaux  '03,  48;  Engelmann  '44,  103;  Lapham  '57,  548,  594;  Babcock  '73, 
97;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higlcy  and  Raddin  '91,  139;  Huett  '97, 
128;  Gleason  '07,  181;  Gleason  '10,  147;  Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  87;  Gates 
'12,  354. 


298 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Culms  erect,  3  to  6  feet  tall,  smooth;  sheaths 
usually  smooth,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margin 
or  with  a  few  hairs  at  the  throat;  blades  4  inches 
to  2  feet  long,  4  to  15  mm.  wide,  usually  smooth 
except  for  the  rough  edges;  panicles  large  and 
spreading;  spikelets  3.5  to- 5  mm.  long. 

This  is  a  species  belonging  to  the  prairie.  It  is 
usually  found  in  moist  places,  where  it  grows  in 
large  bunches.  When  young,  it  furnishes  some 
grazing  for  stock,  but  when  the  plant  is  old  the 

Fig.  58. — P.  vir-     stems  are  very  hard. 
gatum,  spikelct 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1870.  COOK  CO.  Chicago, 
A.  Chase  1178,  1636;  Chicago,  Babcoclc,  July,  1874.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  "Without 
locality,  Percival,  Oct.,  1876;  Champaign,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1897;  Champaign,  Sey- 
mour, July,  1880;  Savoy,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pe- 
poon.  IROQUOIS  co.  Thawville,  Wilcox  100.  JO  DAVIESS  CO.  Without  locality, 
Pepoon  411.  LAKE  CO.  Waukegan,  Gleason  and  Shobe  326;  Winthrop  Harbor, 
Gates.  LEE  co.  Dixon,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1882.  MACON  co.  Decatur,  Clokey  in 
1898.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall  in  1870.  OGLE  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S. 
Bebb  in  1858;  Oregon,  Waite  in  1885.  PEORIA  CO.  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase  818; 
Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1903.  ST.  CLAIR.  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  in  1897.  WABASH  co.  Without 
locality,  Shearer;  Old  Palmyra,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1897;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneclc,  Oct., 
1876.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels  470. 

AGROSTOIDEA 

These  plants  are  perennials,  growing  in  bunches,  some  species  with 
scaly  rootstocks.  The  sheaths  are  often  keeled.  The  ligule  is  never 
over  a  millimeter  long,  membranous,  and  sometimes  fringed  with  hairs. 
The  panicles  in  our  species  are  many-flowered,  the  spikelets  short- 
pediceled,  mostly  crowded  on  the  ascending  branches.  The  spikelets 
are  smooth  and  have  a  keeled  first  glume. 

Panicum  agrostoides  Spreng.. 
Munro  Grass  (Fig.  60) 

Lapham  '57,  548,  594;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Huett  '97,  128; 
Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  100. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  1.5  to  3  feet  long,  many  short  leaves  clustered 
at  the  base  of  the  plant  with  some  very  long  ones  on  the  culm ;  sheaths 
keeled,  usually  smooth ;  blades  folded  at  the  base,  flat  above,  8  to  20 
inches  long,  5  to  10  mm.  wide,  slightly  rough  on  both  surfaces  but 
not  pubescent;  panicles  narrowly  oval  in  outline,  much  the  size  and 
shape  of  common  redtop,  Agrostis  alba;  spikelets  1.8  to  2  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  damp  places,  often  forming  a 
dense  stand  over  considerable  areas  that  arc  low  and  somewhat  boggy. 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


299 


It  also  grows  along  the  banks  of  streams  and  ponds.    It  furnishes  very 
good  fodder  if  present  in  sufficient  quantities. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Southern  Illinois,  Vasey  in  1860. 
CLINTON  co.  Shattuck,  Waite.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead.  JACKSON  co. 
Makanda,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Aug.,  1913. 
MADISON  co.  Madison,  Eggert  227.  PEORIA  CO.  Peoria,  Brendel  in  1859.  Ptr- 
LASKI  co.  Mound  City,  Vasey.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel  in  1850; 
Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Sept.,  1898. 

Panicum  anceps  Michx. 

(Fig.  .59) 

Brendel  '59,  585;  Vasey  '61,  671;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel 
'87,  64;  Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  107.- 

Culms  erect  from,  stout,  scaly  rootstocks,  smooth,  1.5  to  3  feet  long; 

sheaths  finely  pubescent  or  smooth  and  glabrous ;  blades  often  folded 

together  at  base,  usually  slightly 
rough  and  glabrous,  sometimes  a 
few  hairs  near  the  base,  8  to  20 
inches  long,  4  to  10  mm.  wide; 
panicles  stiffly  erect,  the  long 
slender  branches  not  close  to- 
gether, bearing  short,  appressed 
branchlets,  mostly  along  the 
lower  side ;  spikelets  3  to  3.8  mm. 
long,  usually  about  3.5. 

This  species  is  found  in  moist, 
sandy  soil,  often  in  open  woods. 

It  is  of  no  economic  importance. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  Vasey.  HENDERSON  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, Patterson.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July, 
1898.  PULASKI  co.  Mound  City,  Vasey.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 
UNION  co.  Anna,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Waite  in  1887; 
Paton  Station,  SchnecTc,  Aug.,  1881. 

Subgenus  DICHANTHELIUM  Hitchcock  and  Chase 

The  remaining  groups  of  Panicum  are  included  in  this  subgenus. 
In  these  plants  there  is  a  more  or  less  well-marked  winter  rosette  of 
leaves  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  which  are  broader  and  shorter  than 
the  other  leaves  (Fig.  67).  This  rosette  is  formed  in  midsummer 
or  fall,  and  lives  over  until  spring.  In  the  spring  simple  culms  (Fig. 
73)  are  produced,  bearing  terminal  panicles  with  numerous  spikelets, 
which  seldom  produce  seed  (Fig.  67b).  After  these  panicles  are 
mature,  the  culms  branch  and  the  winter  rosette  is  formed.  This 
changes  the  appearance  of  the  plant  completely  in  most  cases  (Fig.  67) , 
and  some  of  these  autumnal  forms  have  been  described  as  new  species. 
A  second  lot  of  panicles,  often  hidden  by  the  sheaths,  are  produced 
on  the  branches,  the  spikelets  on  these  producing  seed. 


59 


60 


Figs.  59-60. — Spikelets:   59,  P.  anceps; 
60,  P.  agrostoides 


300 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


61 


DEPAUPERATA 

This  group  includes  plants  with  simple 
culms,  4  to  16  inches  tall  with  long,  nar- 
row leaves  clustered  at  the  baso.  The 
ligule  is  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs.  The 
panicles  are  small,  very  narrow,  and  in 
summer  are  borne  well  above  the  leaves. 
In  autumn  the  panicles  are  smaller  and 
more  or  less  hidden  by  the  leaves.  The 
species  are  extremely  variable  both  as  to 
size  of  •  spikelet  and  amount  of  hairs 
present. 

Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl. 
(Figs.  61  and  64) 

Lapham  '57,  548,  596;  Babcock  73,  ^250; 
Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brender  '87, 
64;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  139;  Illicit  '97, 
128;  Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  151. 

Culms  slender  and  stiff,  variable  as  to 
amount  of  pubescence  present,  sometimes 
smooth  and  glabrous;  sheaths  usually 
finely  papillose-pubescent ;  blades  3  to  9 
inches  longj  2  to  5  mm.  wide,  the  smaller 
leaves  at  the  base  of  the  plant ;  panicles 
narrow,  few-flowered;  spikelets  beaked, 
the  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  ex- 
tending beyond  the  fruit,  3  to  4  mm. 
long,  usually  about  3.5  mm.,  sometimes 
with  a  few  short  hairs. 

There  is  little  difference  between  the 
plant  in  spring  and  in  autumn.  It  grows 
in  poor  soil,  generally  in  open  woods. 
Panicum  depauperatum  as  mentioned  by 
the  earlier  authors  probably  included  P. 
perlongum,  as  that  species  has  only  re- 
cently been  segregated  from  P.  depauper- 
atum. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:    Lansing,  A.  Chase  867. 
JACKSON  co.    Makamla,  Gleason,  June,  1903. 


Fig.  61. — P.  depauperatum 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


301 


Panicum  perlongum  Nash 
(Fig.  62) 

Gleason  '10,  148;  Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  153. 

Culms  as  in  the  preceding  species ;  slieaths  usually  densely  pubes- 
cent, very  seldom  smooth ;  blades  2  to  10  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide ; 
panicles  very  small,  but  appearing  densely  flowered ;  spikelets  blunt,  or 
if  appearing  beaked,  the  points  of  the  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma 
not  extending  beyond  the  fruit,  2.7  to  3.3  mm.  long,  often  pubescent. 

This  species  closely  resembles  P.  depauperatum,  but  the  spikelets 
do  not  have  a  beak  prolonged  beyond  the  fruit,  and  the  leaves  are 
longer  and  narrower.  P.  depauperatum  has  very  few  panicles  in  the 
autumn,  while  P.  perlongum  has  a  great  many.  It  is  a  prairie  species 
and  grows  in  dry  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Babcoclc;  without  locality,  Wolf. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour,  May,  1880.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Pat- 
terson, jo  DAVIESS  co.  Hanover,  Gleason  and  Gates  2530.  LAKE  co.  Beach, 
Gates  2454;  Waukegan,  Gates  2472.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald.  STARK  co. 
Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  460,  1456,  1511.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Hill,  June,  1907; 
Joliet,  STceels,  June,  1904. 


62 


63 


64 


Figs.  62-64. — Spikelets:  62,  P.  perlongum;  63,  P.  linearifolium ;  64,  P. 
depauperatum 

Panicum  linearifoliuin  Scribn. 
(Fig.  63) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  155. 

Culms  8  to  18  inches  long,  very  slender,  seldom  pubescent ;.  sheaths 
usually  densely  pubescent;  blades  4  to  15  inches  long,  often  longer 
than  the  panicles,  2  to  4  mm.  wide ;  panicles  larger  than  in  the  two 
preceding  species ;  spikelets  2.2  to  2.7  mm.  long,  often  with  a  few  soft 
hairs. 

This  species  is  best  distinguished  by  its  smaller,  narrower  spikelets, 
but  the  leaves  are  typically  much  longer  and  narrower  and  not  so 
stiff  as  in  the  preceding  species.  It  grows  in  dry  woods. 

COOK  co.  Glencoe,  Gates,  June,  1907.  DU  PAGE  co.  Wheaton,  Moffatt,  July, 
1893.  JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Gleason,  June,  1903.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  UNION  co.  Cobden,  Waite,  June,  1885. 


302 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


65 

Fig.  65. — P.  zalapense 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  303 

LAXIFLORA 

The  species  belonging  to  this  group  are  characterized  by  their  soft, 
pale  green  foliage.  The  blades  in  the  Illinois  species  are  edged  with 
rather  long  hairs  or  cilia  and  are  usually  pubescent  on  both  surfaces. 

The  leaves  in  summer  are  always  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  plant 
and  are  shorter  here  than  on  the  culm.  This  cluster  of  leaves  persists 
in  the  autumn,  but  does  not  form  a  true  rosette  such  as  is  found  in  the 
next  group,  Dichotoma.  The  ligules  are  very  short  and  inconspicuous. 
The  panicles  in  summer  are  borne  far  above  the  leaves;  in  autumn 
they  are  smaller  and  often  hidden  by  them.  The  spikelets  are  small, 
always  less  than  2.5  mm.  in  length. 

Panicum  xalapense  H.  B.  K. 

(Figs.  65  and  66) 

Hitchcock  and' Chase  '10,  160. 

Plants  in  spring  and  early  summer  with  smooth,  slender  culms  8 
to  24  inches  long ;  sheaths  densely,  retrorsely  pubescent  with  long,  soft 
hairs  arising  from  small  papillae;  blades  4  to  8 
inches  long,  7  to  12  mm.  broad,  sparsely  pubescent 
on  both  surfaces,  the  edges  ciliate,  with  hairs  usu- 
ally as  long  as  those  on  the  sheaths ;  panicles  few- 
flowered;  spikelets  pubescent,  about  2  mm.  long, 
sometimes  slightly  shorter.  Plants  in  autumn  more  66 

branched  at  the  base,  forming  denser  tufts  than  in        Fig-  66.— P.  xdl- 
the  spring.  apense>  spikelet 

This  species  is  most  abundant  in  the  southern  states.  It  has  been 
collected  only  a  few  times  in  Illinois. 

JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  French  in  1905.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  UNION  co.  Anna,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880. 


The  plants  belonging  to  this  group  are  strikingly  different  in 
spring  or  early  summer,  and  in  autumn.  The  spring  or  vernal  form 
has  several  simple  culms  in  a  tuft.  The  panicles  are  few-flowered,  not 
very  large,  and  their  spikelets  rarefy  perfect  seed.  In  the  autumn 
a  small,  flat  rosette  is  formed  at  the  base,  and  the  culms  branch  freely, 
often  resembling  miniature  trees.  These  culms  often  become  too  heavy 
to  stand  erect  and  are  found  bent  over  or  lying  prostrate  on  the 
ground.  The  dead  leaves  of  the  winter  rosette  are  always  found  at 
the  base  of  the  culms  of  the  vernal  form,  if  care  is  taken  in  collecting 
the  plants.  The  panicles  borne  in  autumn  are  very  much  smaller  than 
those  of  the  vernal  form,  and  are  usually  included  in  the  leaf  sheaths, 
often  scarcely  visible.  Their  spikelets  always  produce  seed.  The  leaves 


304  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

and  culms  in  this  group  are  never  conspicuously  pubescent,  and  the 
ligules  are  very  short,  less  than  1  mm.  in  length,  and  fringed.  The 
spikelets  are  never  over  2.5  mm.  in  length. 

Panicum  barbulatum  Michx. 
(Fig.  68) 

Vernal  culms  1  to  2.5  feet  tall,  the  lower  nodes  bearded;  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  but  usually  more  than  half  as  long,  some- 
times with  a  few  soft  hairs ;  blades  2.5  to  4  inches  long,  6  to  10  mm. 
wide;  panicles  borne  well  above  the  leaves;  spikelets  2  mm.  long, 
smooth,  the  second  glume  always  covering  the  ripe  fruit.  Autumnal 
culms  branched  rather  more  than  in  P.  dichotomum  and  usually  reclin- 
ing, being  too  top-heavy  to  stand  erect. 

This  species  is  found  in  sterile  soil,  usually  in  the  woods.  In  its 
vernal  phase  it  closely  resembles  P.  dichotomum,  but  it  always  has 
bearded  nodes. 

JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel. 
WABASH  co.  Belmont,  SchnecTc,  Oct.,  1900. 

;  Panicum  dichotomum  L. 

(Figs.  67  and  69) 

Lapham  '57,  596  (Plate  4,  Fig.  4);  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  52; 
Flagg  '78,  284;  Higley  and  Kaddin  '91,  139;  Huett  '97,  128;  Hitchcock  and 
Chase  '10,  190. 

Vernal  culms  1  to  2  feet  long,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  nodes 
not  bearded,  but  sometimes,  especially  the  lower  ones,  with  a  few  hairs ; 
sheaths  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  internodes,  smooth  or  sparsely 
pubescent,  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  4  to  8  mm.  wide,  usually  smooth 
but  sometimes  with  a  few  long  hairs  along  the  edges ;  panicles  borne 
well  above  the  leaves,  small  and  few-flowered;  spikelets  2  mm.  long, 
smooth,  the  second  glume  always  shorter  than  the  fruit  when  ripe. 
Autumnal  culms  much  branched  from  about  the  middle,  the  lower  por- 
tion usually  unbranched,  making  the  plant  look  like  a  small  tree; 
blades  much  smaller  than  in  the  vernal  form. 

This  species  is  often  purplish  in  both  vernal  and  autumnal  forms. 
The  vernal  form  closely  resembles  P.  barbulatum,  but  this  species  has 
bearded  nodes  and  the  fruit  is  always  covered  by  the  second  glume. 
The  species  described  and  figured  by  Lapham  was  evidently  not  P. 
dichotomum  as  it  was  densely  pubescent,  while  this  species  is  smooth. 

ST.  CLAIR  co.     Mascoutah,  Welsch.    UNION  co.    Cobden,  Waite  in  1885. 


1018] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


305 


Fig.  67. — P.  dichotomum,  autumnal  form,   (b)  pan- 
icle of  vernal  form 


306 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Panicum  microcarpon  Muhl. 
(Fig.  70) 

Lapham  '57,  548,  595;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87r89; 
Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  181. 

Spring  form  growing  in  tufts  or  large  clumps;  culms  generally, 
erect,  sometimes  .bent  at  base,  1  to  2  feet  long,  the  nodes  bearded  with 
reflexed  hairs ;  sheaths  smooth,  except  sometimes  the  lower  ones,  ciliate 
along  the  margin ;  blades  thin,  4  to  5  inches  long,  8  to  15  mm.  wide, 
smooth  and  glabrous  except  sometimes  for  a  few  hairs  near  the  base; 
panicles  many-flowered,  oval  in.  outline ;  spikelets  1.5  to  1.6  mm.  long, 
glabrous.  Autumnal  form  much  branched,  especially  at  the  top,  and 
bent  over  from  the  weight  of  the  branches;  blades  much  smaller,  1 
to  2.5  inches  long,  the  panicle  smaller  and  few-flowered. 

This  species  grows  in  wet  woods  and  swampy  places.  The  species 
described  by  Lapham  was  probably  not  P.  microcarpon,  as  he  says  it 
resembles  P.  lati folium.  His  description  is  not  complete  enough  to 
determine  certainly  what  the  species  was,  but  it  was  probably  P. 
polyanihes. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendcl, 
POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July,  1898.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer, 
Aug.,  1899;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck  in  1880;  Mt.  Carmel,  Waite,  Aug.,  1887;  near 
Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June,  1900 ;  Shannon 's  swamp,  Schneck,  June,  1884. 


68 


70 


Figs.  68-71.— Spikelets:  68,  P.  barbulatum;  69,  P.  dichotomum ;  70,  P. 
microcarpon;  71,  P.  yadkinense 

Panicum  yadkinense  Ashe 

(Fig.  71) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  195. 

Vernal  culms  2  to  3  feet  tall;  smooth,  the  nodes  not  bearded; 
sheaths  smooth,  with  pale,  almost  white,  glandular  spots ;  blades 
smooth,  3  to  5  inches  long,  8  to  11  mm.  broad ;  panicles  larger  than  in 
P.  dicTiotomum;  spikelets  2.3  to  2.5  mm.  long,  smooth.  Autumnal  form 
considerably  branched  but  never  tree-like  as  in  P.  dichotomwn,  the 
leaves  smaller  but  not  much  reduced. 

This  is  a  considerably  larger  species  than  either  P.  dichotomum  or 
P.  barbulatum  and  is  easily  recognized  by  its  pointed  spikelets.  The 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  307 

leaves  are  much  broader  than  in  either  of  these  species,  and  the  white 
spots  between  the  veining  of  the  sheaths  is  quite  distinctive. 

JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Gleason  in  1903.  JOHNSON  CO.  Without  locality, 
SchnecTc  in  1902 ;  Tunnel  Hill,  Schneck,  May,  1902. 

SPRETA 

The  plants  belonging  to  this  group  are  rather  stiff  and  have  short, 
narrow  leaves  not  over  8  mm.  wide.  They  resemble  the  plant  shown 
in  Fig.  73.  The  ligule  is  a  ring  of  long  hairs,  usually  5  to  6  mm. 
long.  The  plants  are  seldom  pubescent,  but  the  spikelets  usually  are 
short  pubescent.  The  autumnal  form  does  not  differ  very  widely  from 
the  spring  form,  the  extra  branches  being  short  and  closely  appressed 
to  the  plant. 

Panicum  lindheimeri  Nash 

(Fig.  72) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  203. 

Vernal  culms  erect,  rather  stiff,  1  to  3  feet  high,  smooth  or  some- 
times finely  pubescent  on  the  lower  part ;  lower  sheaths  usually  with 
fine  pubescence,  the  upper  smooth  and  usually  about 
half  the  length  of  the  internodes;  ligules  often 
4  to  5  mm.  long;  blades  smooth  on  both  surfaces; 
spikelets  1.4  to  1.6  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent. 
Autumnal  culms  spreading,  or  often  lying  on  the 
-o     u  7-  ,7      ground,  branching  at  the  nodes,  the  branches  short 

*.   / Ut — Jr.  IVII(1~ 

Jteimeri,  spikelet  and  appressed  to  the  culm,  the  leaves  much  smaller 
than  the  vernal  form,  and  pointed. 

This  species  is  very  variable  as  to  the  kind  and  amount  of 
pubescence  present.  The  plants  are  usually  smooth  thruout  but  often 
pubescent  near  the  base.  The  species  has  the  general  appearance 
of  P.  dichotomum  in  the  vernal  form,  but  is  usually  taller.  It  also 
resembles  a  narrow-leaved  plant  of  P.  huachucae  silvicola. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Seymour,  June,  1880.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  Nelson  in  1899;  Irondale,  Chicago, 
Hill,  July,  1913.  JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  French  in  1871.  LAKE  co. 
Beach,  Umbach  2242.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Eggert  237. 

LANGUINOSA 

In  this  group  the  plants  are  usually  conspicuously  pubescent.  The 
blades  are  not  over  10  mm.  wide  and  are  usually  narrower.  The 
ligules  are  densely  hairy,  from  2  to  5  mm.  long.  The  spikelets  are 
pubescent  and  never  more  than  3  mm.  long.  The  autumnal  form  is 
much  branched  and  quite  different  from  the  spring  form.  The  leaves 
and  panicles  are  considerably  smaller.  The  species  now  included  in 


303 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


73 


Fig.  73. — P.  Imacliucae 


this  group  were  incorrectly  referred  by 
the  earlier  American  authors  to  P.  pubes- 
cens  Lam.  or  Michx.  (that  name  being  a 
synonym  of  P.  scoparium  Lam.).  P. 
pubescens,  Engelmann  ('44,  p.  103)  is 
cited,  but  it  is  impossible  to  determine 
which  species  he  collected. 

Panicum  huachucae  A  she 

(Figs.  73  and  74) 
Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  214;  Gates  '12,  354. 

Culms  8  to  24  inches  tall,  erect  and 
stiff ;  culms  and  leaves  densely  papillose- 
pubescent;  nodes  bearded  with  spread- 
ing hairs;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes;  blades  1.5  to  2.5  inches  long, 
6  to  8  mm.  wide ;  ligules  3  to  4  mm.  long ; 
panicle  axis  and  branches  covered  with 
long  hairs  nearly  to  the  end;  spikelets 
1.6  to  1.8  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent. 

This  species  is  usually  light  olive  green 
but  generally  tinged  with  purple,  and 
the  spikelets  are  often  purplish.  The 
plant  is  very  stiff  and  harsh  to  the  touch 
from  the  abundance  of  hairs.  The  au- 
tumnal form  is  much  the  same,  tho  the 
culms  are  branched  and  the  leaves  much 
shorter ;  usually  not  much  over  an  inch 
in  length.  The  panicles  are  very  small 
and  almost  hidden  by  the  leaves.  There 
is  considerable  variation  in  the  amount 
of  pubescence  present.  The  species  in- 
tergrades  with  the  subspecies  P.  huachu- 
cae  silvicola,  which  is  apparently  more 
abundant  in  Illinois. 

CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  Aug., 
1898.  COOK  CO.  East  Side,  Chicago,  Hill,  July, 
1905;  Palos  Park,  Umbach,  June,  1909;  Lan- 
sing, A.  Chase,  June,  1898;  Beverly  Hills,  A. 
Chase,  June,  1902 ;  Washington  Heights,  Rob- 
ert Bebb,  June,  1902 ;  Chicago,  Somes,  Aug., 
1907;  Chicago,  Hill  in  1905.  FORD  co.  Kemp- 
ton,  Wilcox,  July,  1902.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquaw- 
ka,  Patterson.  KNOX  co.  Williamsfiekl,  V.  H. 
Chase  1858.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  Umbach  2237, 
2244;  Wauconda,  Hill  in  1898;  Rockefeller, 
Gates,  July,  1907;  area  north  of  Waukegan, 
Gates;  Waukegan,  Gleason  and  Shobc,  Aug., 
1906.  MACON  co.  Elm  Eidge,  CloTcey  2435. 


19J8]  .  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  309 

PEORIA  co.  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase,  Aug.,  1906.  RICHLAND  co.  Near  Gluey, 
Eidgway.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Without 
locality,  Shearer. 

Panicum  huachcae  silvicola  Hitchc.  and  Chase 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  218. 

This  subspecies  differs  from  the  species  in  being  taller,  more  slen- 
der, and  not  so  pubescent.  It  is  also  a  softer,  grayer  green  than  the 
species  and  does  not  look  or  feel  so  harsh.  The  nodes  are  bearded 
with  reflexed  hairs.  The  leaves  are  softer  and  thinner  and  less 
pubescent. 

CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Mahomet,  Gleason  1033 ;  Urbana,  Gates,  Sept.,  1907 ;  Urbana, 
Seymour  and  Waite  1024;  Urbana,  Mosher,  June,  1914.  COOK  co.  Orland,  Um- 
bach,  Aug.,  1909 ;  Palos  Park,  Umbach,  Sept.,  1909 ;  La  Grange,  Hill,  July,  1907 ; 
Eiverside,  Hill,  July,  1907;  Englewood,  Derr,  May,  1885.  DU  PAGE  CO.  Downer's 
Grove,  Umbach  1820.  JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Gleason  1028,  1030;  Grand  Tower, 
Gleason  1031.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  580  and  .01.  KNOX  co. 
Williamsfield,  V.  H.  Chase,  1851.  LA  SALLE  co.  Starved  Rock,  A.  Chase,  July, 
1901.  MACON  co.  C.  H.  &  D.  Bridge,  Clokey  2437,  2449;  Decatur,  CloTcey,  Aug., 
1897.  MCLEAN  co.  Normal,  Somes  138.  MARSHALL  co.  Lawn  Eidge,  V.  H. 
Chase  1477,  1491.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861;  Athens,  Sail  in 
1861.  OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite  in  1885;  Pine  Eock,  Waite,  June,  1885.  PEORIA 
co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1900;  Peoria,  Eobert  Sebb,  June.  1905;  Glasford, 
Wilcox  42;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase  81.  PIATT  co.  White  Heath, 
Mosher,  July  and  Oct.,  1914.  RICHLAND  CO.  Parkersburg,  Eidgway,  June,  1902. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.  Masco utah,  Welsch.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1914. 
WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July,  1897;  without  locality,  Shearer, 
June,  1899;  Hanging  Eock,  Ashe  and  Schneck,  July,  1899;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck, 
July,  1888;  Patton,  Schneck,  June,  1879. 

Panicum  implicatum  Scribn. 
(Fig.  75) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  213. 

Vernal  form  with  slender  culms,  8  to  20  inches  tall;  culms  and 
sheaths  papillose-pubescent;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligules  4  to  5  mm.  long;  blades  1  to  2.5  inches  long,  3  to  6  mm.  wide, 
with  long,  spreading  pubescence,  3  to  4  mm.  long,  on  the  upper  sur- 
face and  shorter  pubescence  on  the  lower ;  panicles  small,  the  axis  with 
long,  soft  hairs,  the  branches  usually  tangled ;  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long, 
densely  pubescent.  Autumnal  form  much  branched  from  the  nodes, 
forming  small  tufts  of  leaves,  which  partially  conceal  the  much  re- 
duced panicles ;  culm  leaves  seldom  over  an  inch  long  and  2  to  4  mm. 
in  width. 

This  species  is  found  in  wet  meadows,  bogs,  and  swamps.  It  is  a 
northern  species  and  so  far  has  been  found  only  in  the  northern  half 
of  the  state.  It  closely  resembles  P.  Tiuaclmcae  as  to  general  appear- 
ance and  habit  of  growth. 

COOK  co.  Chicago,  Nelson  66.  IROQUOIS  co.  Chebanse,  Hill,  July,  1870. 
MASON  co.  Manito,  Wilcox  57.  OGLE  co.  Without  locality,  Waite  in  1885.  KOCK 
ISLAND  co.  Near  Rock  Island,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1901. 


310 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Panicum  meridionals  Ashe 
(Fig.  76) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  210. 

Vernal  form  with  slender  culms  6  to  15  inches  tall;  culms  and 
sheaths  pilose;  nodes  bearded;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
blades  .5  to  1.5  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  sparsely  long  pubescent 
on  the  upper  surface  and  short  pubescent  on  the  lower ;  panicle  small, 
the  axis  smooth  or  short  pubescent;  spikelets  1.3  to  1.4  mm.  long, 
densely  pubescent.  Autumnal  form  much  branched  from  all  the  nodes, 
the  branches  forming  small  tufts ;  leaves  and  panicles  not  very  much 
reduced ;  panicles  hidden  by  the  leaves. 

This  species  is  found  in  sandy  woods  or  shady  places,  in  sterile  soil 
in  the  woods,  or  in  peat  soil  on  the  prairie.  It  closely  resembles  P. 
implication  but  the  culms  are  shorter  and  more  slender  and  the  plants 
less  pubescent. 

COOK  CO.  Chicago,  Hill  145.  Kensington,  Hill,  July,  1890 ;  Irondale,  Chicago, 
Hill,  July,  1913.  KANKAKEE  co.  South  of  Kankakee,  Hill,  July,  1913. 


76 


79 

Figs.  74-80. — Spikelets:  74,  P.  huachucae;  75,  P.  implicatum;  76,  P.  meri- 
dionale;  77,  P.  praecocius;  78,  P.  pseudopubescens  ;  79,  P.  tennesseense ;  80, 
P.  villo'ssissiimtm 


Panicum  praecocius  Hitchc.  and  Chase 

(Fig.  77) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  226. 

Vernal  form  with  rather  stout  culms,  6  to  24  inches  tall,  often 
forming  spreading  tufts;  culms  and  sheaths  densely  long  pubescent; 
sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligules  3  to  4  mm.  long; 
blades  2  to  4  inches  long,  4  to  6  mm.  wide,  long  pubescent  on  both  sur- 
faces, the  hairs  nearly  equal  to  the  width  of  the  blade;  spikelets  1.8 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  311 

to  1.9  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent.  Autumnal  form  much  branched 
at  the  nodes,  the  branches  closely  appressed  to  the  stem ;  leaves  only 
slightly  smaller  than  in  the  spring  form,  and  partially  concealing  the 
much  reduced  panicles. 

This  species  is  found  on  dry  prairie  and  in  clearings.  "It  has  been 
found  only  in  the  middle  western  states.  The  type  locality  for  the 
species  is  Wady  Petra  in  Stark  county. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Waite,  June,  1886;  Urbana,  Seymour,  May,  1880.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Hanover,  Glea- 
son  and  Gates,  June,  1908;  without  locality,  Pepoon  .02  and  .04.  KNOX  co.  Wil- 
liamsfield,  V.  #.  Chase  1850.  LAKE  CO.  Winthrop  Harbor,  Gates  2778;  Waukegan, 
Gates  2469.  LA  SALLE  co.  Starved  Rock,  A.  Chase  1605.  MARSHALL  co.  With- 
out locality,  V.  H.  Chase,  1791.  MASON  co.  Havana,  Gleason  1034.  STARK  co. 
Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  472,  649,  1212,  1214,  1218.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Sill  in 
1907. 

Panicum  pseudopubescens  Nash 
(Fig.  78) 

Panicum  sp.,  Gleason  '07,  181.  P.  pseudopubescens,  Gleason  '10,  147;  Hitch- 
cock and  Chase  '10,  235. 

Vernal  form  with  stiff  culms  8  to  20  inches  tall ;  culms  and  sheaths 
densely  pubescent,  the  hairs  usually  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  culm ; 
nodes  densely  bearded  with  spreading  hairs ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes ;  ligule  about  2  to  3  mm.  long ;  blades  2  to  4  inches  long,  5 
to  10  mm.  wide,  the  upper  surface  long  pubescent  near  the  edge,  smooth 
in  the  center,  occasionally  smooth  all  over,  the  lower  surface  with 
short,  fine  pubescence ;  spikelets  2.2  to  2.4  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent. 
Autumnal  form  usually  with  spreading  culms,  sometimes  flat  on  the 
ground,  with  a  few  branches  at  each  node ;  leaf  blades  considerably 
reduced  and  usually  smooth. 

This  species  is  usually  light  olive  green  in  color.  It  is  found  in 
sandy  soil,  often  in  open  woods.  Gleason  found  it  very  abundant  in 
the  sand  areas  which  he  studied.  There  it  formed  one  of  the  charac- 
teristic bunch  grasses  where  the  sand  was  being  continually  blown 
away  from  the  roots  of  the  plants. 

jo  DAVIESS  co.  Hanover,  Gleason  and  Gates'  2535,  2539,  2575.  LA  SALLE  co. 
Starved  Rock,  A.  Chase  1605;  Starved  Eock,  STceels,  May,  1905. 

Panicum  tennesseense  Ashe 
(Fig.  79) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  218. 

Vernal  form  10  to  25  inches  tall,  stiffly  erect  or  slightly  spread- 
ing; culms  and  sheaths  with  short  hairs,  sometimes  nearly  smooth; 
ligules  4  to  5  mm.  long ;  nodes  bearded ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes  ;  blades  2  to  3.5  inches  long,  5  to  8  mm.  wide,  with  a  very  narrow 
white  margin,  upper  surface  with  a  few  long  hairs  near  the  base,  the 


312  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

lower  surface  short  appressed  pubescent;  spikelets  1.6  to  1.7  mm. 
long,  densely  pubescent.  Autumnal  form  usually  spreading,  the  culms 
much  branched  at  the  nodes,  forming  tufts  of  leaves,  often  bending 
the  plant  to  the  ground ;  leaves  much  reduced  and  concealing  the  very 
small  panicles. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  moist  places.  In  general  appear- 
ance it  is  much  like  P.  Jiuacliucae  and  its  subspecies,  but  in  P.  tennes- 
seense  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  not  pubescent.  Hitchcock  and 
Chase  cite  some  intergrading  specimens  in  which  a  few  hairs  occur  on 
the  upper  blade  surface.  The  plants  often  have  a  purplish  tinge. 

CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  June,  1899.  LAKE  co.  Zion  City,  Hill, 
Aug.,  1905;  Waukegan,  Gates,  June,  1908;  Beach,  Umbach,  July,  1909.  ROCK 
ISLAND  co.  Banks  of  Mississippi  near  Kock  Island,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900. 

Panicum  villosissimum  Nash 
(Fig.  80) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  233. 

Culms  in  large  tufts  10  to  20  inches  tall,  rather  slender ;  culms  and 
sheaths  very  densely  long  pubescent,  giving  them  a  soft,  fuzzy  appear- 
ance; nodes  bearded;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  4 
to  5  mm.  long ;  blades  2  to  4  inches  long,  5  to  10  mm.  wide,  densely  soft, 
appressed  pubescent  on  both  surfaces ;  spikelets  2.2  to  2.3  mm.  long,  the 
pubescence  spreading.  Autumnal  form  usually  much  branched,  espe- 
cially at  the  lower  nodes,  the  leaves  closely  appressed  to  the  stem,  the 
plants  often  prostrate;  blades  not  much  reduced,  usually  with  a  few 
long  hairs  on  the  upper  surface. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry,  usually  sandy  soil,  in  open  woods  or 
on  hillsides.  The  vernal  form  is  light  olive  green ;  the  autumnal  form 
is  often  tinged  with  purple. 

LA  SALLE  co.  Starved  Kock,  A.  Chase  1606.  MADISON  co.  Without  locality, 
Eggert  293. 

COLUMBIANA 

The  species  of  Columbiana  differ  mainly  from  those  of  Languinosa 
in  the  absence  of  long,  spreading  hairs  on  culms  and  sheaths,  the 
pubescence  being  short  and  appressed.  The  ligule  is  short,  usually 
not  over  1  mm.  long.  The  blades  are  firm  and  always  less  than  1  cm. 
wide,  rarely  with  long  hairs  on  the  upper  surface.  The  autumnal  form 
is  freely  branched.  The  spikelets  are  always  covered  with  short 
pubescence. 

Panicum  tsugetorum  Nash 

(Fig.  81) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  245. 

Vernal  culms  12  to  18  inches  tall,  usually  ascending  but  often  bent 
over  near  the  base ;  densely  pubescent  with  very  fine,  soft  hairs,  closely 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS  313 

appresscd;  sheaths  usually  as  long  as  the  intcriiodcs,  less  pubescent 
than  the  culms,  ciliate  011  the  margin;  ligules  1  to 
1.5  mm.  long;  blades  with  a  thin,  white  margin,  1.5 
to  3  inches  long,  4  to  7  mm.  wide,  usually  smooth 
above,  sometimes  with  a  few  long  hairs  near  the 
base;  spikelets  pubescent,  1.8  to  1.9  mm.  long. 
Autumnal  form  spreading  on  the  ground  and 

Fi     81 P  tsu,     branching  from  the  lower  and  middle  nodes,  the 

getorum,  spikelet        branches  growing  erect  or  ascending,  not  closely 
appressed  to  the  culm;    blades  only  slightly  re- 
duced, sometimes  sparsely  covered  with  long  hairs. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil,  usually  in  the  woods.  The 
type  specimen  was>collected  in  a  hemlock  grove.  The  plants  in-  spring 
are  bluish  green ;  later  they  often  acquire  a  purplish  tinge.  The  spike- 
lets  are  usually  dark  colored.  The  general  appearance  of  this  species 
is  like  that  of  P.  Tiuacliucae  silvicola. 

LA  SALLE  co.  Starved  Kock,  A.  Chase  1604;  Starved  Koek,  Greenman,  Lans- 
ing, and  Dixon  155.  OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Hill  in  1905. 

SPHAEROCABPA 

The  species  belonging  to  this  group  are  usually  found  in  small 
tufts  and  are  practically  smooth  thruout.  The  ligules  are  obsolete  or 
nearly  so.  The  blades  are  rather  stiff  with  strong  margins,  which  are 
usually  very  rough.  The  panicles  are  usually  about  the  length  of  the 
leaves,  and  are  borne  well  above  them  in  the  spring  form.  "This 
group  is  so  named  on  account  of  the  shape  of  the  spikelets,  which  are 
almost  spherical. 

Panicum  polyanthes  Schult. 
(Figs.  82  and  83) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  254. 

Vernal  form  with  culms  in  a  tuft  1  to  3  feet  tall;  culms  stout, 
erect,  smooth,  scarcely  ever  with  hairs  on  the  nodes ;  sheaths  as  long  as 
the  internodes,  smooth,  ciliate  on  the  margin;  ligules  too  small  to  be 
distinguished ;  blades  5  to  10  inches  long,  15  to  25  mm.  wide,  rough  on 
the  upper  surface  and  smooth  on  the  lower,  except  for  a  few  hairs 
along  the  margin  near  the  base ;  panicles  much  longer  than  broad ; 
spikelets  1.5  to  1.6  mm.  long,  nearly  spherical,  short  pubescent. 
Autumnal  form  much  like  the  vernal  except  that  a  few  branches  with 
smaller  blades  and  panicles  are  produced  from  the  lower  nodes. 

The  species  listed  as  P.  microcarpon  by  Lapham  ('57,  548,  595) 
was  probably  P.  polyantlies.  The  name  P.  microcarpon  MuJd.  1817, 
not  Muhl. ;  Ell.  1816,  was  then  applied  to  the  species  now  known  as 
P.  polyantlies  (Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  255).  This  species  is  found 
in  damp  places,  usually  in  or  near  the  woods.  It  is  much  taller  than 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


Fig.  82. — P.  polyantlics 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS  315 

P.  spliacrocarpon  and  has  larger  leaves.     The  plants  arc  light  green 
in  color. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  French  in  1905.  JACKSON  co.  Grand 
Tower,  Gleason,  July,  1902.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  UNION  co.  Cobden, 
Earle  in  1886. 

Panicum  sphaerocarpon  Ell. 

(Fig.  84) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  251. 

Vernal  form  with  culms  8  to  20  inches  tall,  seldom  erect,  the  tuft 
usually  spreading,  not  pubescent  except  on  the  nodes ;  sheaths  almost 
as  long  as  the  internodes,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margin,  otherwise 
smooth ;  ligules  too  small  to  be  distinguished  -, 
blades  2  to  4  inches  long,  7  to  14  mm.  wide, 
rough  but  not  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface 
except  along  the  margin  near  base,  smooth 
below ;  panicles  about  as  wide  as  long ;  spike- 
lets  short  pubescent,  1.6  to  1.8  mm.  long,  al- 

Fi         83-84 S  'ke      most  spherical.    Autumnal  form  spreading  on 

lots:    83,  P.  polyanthes;     the  ground,  branching  from  the  lower  and 
84,  P.  sphaerocarpon  middle  nodes ;  blades  and  panicles  not  greatly 

reduced. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  sandy  soil.  It  is  not  common  in 
Illinois.  The  plants  are  usually  light  green  with  purplish  spikelets. 

CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  Aug.,  1898.  JACKSON  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, French,  June,  1878,  and  May,  1905. 

OLIGOSANTHIA 

The  species  belonging  to  this  group  are  as  a  rule  stout,  erect  plants 
with  stiff  leaves  and  large  spikelets.  The  sheaths  are  usually  hairy,  the 
ligules  never  more  than  1  mm.  long  and  the  spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long. 
In  the  autumnal  form  the  culms  branch  near  the  top. 

Panicum  leibergii  (Vascy)  Scribn. 

(Figs.  85  and  86) 
Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  289. 

Vernal  form  with  erect,  slender  culms  in  small  tufts;  culms  1  to 
3  feet  tall,  usually  pubescent ;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  con- 
spicuously papillose-pubescent,  the  hairs  spreading ;  ligules  not  visible ; 
blades  2  to  6  inches  long,  7  to  15  mm.  wide,  short,  appressed  papillose- 


316 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


85 


Fig.   85. — P. 
culm 


pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  tho 
sometimes  only  on  the  basal  part ; 
panicles  few-flowered,  the  length 
about  twice  the  width;  spikelets 
3.7  to  4  mm.  long,  long  pubescent. 
Autumnal  form  not  very  different, 
the  culms  usually  leaning  over,  a 
few  branches  from  the  middle  and 
lower  nodes,  the  blades  very  little 
reduced,  usually  concealing  the 
panicles. 

This  is  another  of  the  prairie 
species.  It  is  found  thruout  the 
state. 

CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Champaign,  Waite 
in  1888;  Champaign,  Seymour,  June, 
1884.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  An- 
drews, June,  1899.  DU  PAGE  co.  Naper- 
ville,  Umbach  1669.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  War- 
ren, Pepoon  12  and  729.  KNOX  co. 
Without  locality,  V.  H.  Chase  1701. 
LIVINGSTON  CO.  Emington,  Wilcox,  July, 
1902.  MACON  co.  Decatur,  Clokey,  May, 
1889.  MARSHALL  co.  Near  Lawn  Eidge, 
V.  H.  Chase  July,  1907.  MENARD  co. 
Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA 
co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1903.  ST. 
CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  WelscJi.  STARK 
co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  461,  1466. 
WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels  334. 

Panicum  olig'osanthes  Schult. 
(Fig.  87) 

P.  pauciflorum,  Patterson  '76,  52; 
Flagg  '78,  284.  P.  oligosanthes,  Lap- 
ham  '57,  595;  Hitehcock  and  Chase  '10, 
285. 

Vernal  form  with  culms  in  small 
tufts  1  to  2.5  feet  tall,  usually 
erect  and  finely  pubescent;  nodes 
bearded;  sheaths  shorter  than  the 
lower  internodes,  sometimes  longer 
than  the  upper  ones  and  covered 
with  soft  pubescence ;  ligule  1  to  2 
mm.  long;  blades  2.5  to  5.5  inches 
long,  5  to  8  mm.  wide,  smooth  ex- 
cept for  a  few  hairs  on  the  upper 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


317 


surface  near  the  base ;  spikelets  with  long  pedicels,  3.5  to  4  mm.  long, 
sparsely  pubescent.  Autumnal  form  branching  mostly  from  the  upper 
nodes,  often  becoming  top-heavy  and  lying  on  the  ground ;  leaves  much 
smaller  and  panicles  reduced  to  a  few  spikelets. 

This  species  is  found  in  sandy  soil  usually  in  moist  situations.  The 
plants  are  olive  green,  very  often  deeply  tinged  with  purple. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:     Without  locality,  SchnecTc. 


86 


Figs.  86-88.— Spikelets:    86,  P.  leibcrgii;    87,  P.  oli- 
gosanthcs;   88,  P.  scribnerianum 

Panicum  scribneriaimm  Nash 

(Fig.  88) 
Gleason  '10,  148;  Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  283;  Gleason  '12,  48;  Gates  '12, 

Vernal  form  with  the  culms  in  fairly  large  tufts,  usually  somewhat 
spreading,  8  to  20  inches  tall,  generally  smooth;  nodes  not  bearded; 
sheaths  papillose-pubescent;  ligules  about  1  mm.  long;  blades  2  to  4 
inches  long,  6  to  12  mm.  wide,  usually  ciliate  on  the  margin,  some- 
times with  a  few  short  hairs  on  the  under  surface,  otherwise  smooth ; 
panicles  small,  the  length  and  breadth  about  equal;  spikelets  3.2  to 
3.3  mm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent  or  almost  smooth.  Autumnal  form 
branching  from  the  middle  and  upper  nodes,  the  leaves  slightly  re- 
duced, partially  concealing  the  small  panicles. 

This  is  a  typical  prairie  species  found  in  dry  or  sandy  soil.  It 
is  probably  one  of  the  commonest  species  of  perennial  Panicum  found 
in  Illinois. 

CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  June,  1899.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  A. 
Chase  1607;  Chicago,  Greenman,  Lansing,  and  Dixon  156.  HENRY  co.  Galva,  V. 
H.  Chase  1749.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pcpoon  185;  Hanover,  Gleason 
and  Gates  2598.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  Umbach  2365;  Waukegan,  Gates  in  1909. 
MACON  co.  Near  Decatur,  CloTcey  2438.  MARSHALL  co.  Without  locality,  V.  H. 
Chase  1792.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1890.  STARK  CO.  Wady  Petra, 
V.  H.  Chase  922.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co. 
Without  locality,  Shearer. 


318 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


90 


COMMUTATA 

The  species  of  this  group  are 
rather  stout,  usually  with  smooth 
culms.  The  blades  are  generally 
more  than  1  cm.  wide,  smooth, 
and  ciliate  at  the  base.  The 
ligule  is  practically  wanting. 
The  spikelets  are  finely  pubes- 
cent, from  2.5  to  3  mm.  long. 

Panicum  commutatum  Schult. 
(Figs.  89  and  90) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  303. 

Vernal  form  with  culms  in 
tufts,  1  to  2.5  feet  high,  the  culms 
smooth ;  nodes  occasionally  with 
minute  hairs;  sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  usually 
smooth  except  for  the  ciliate 
margin ;  ligules  not  visible ; 
blades  short  and  broad,  2  to  7 
inches  long,  12  to  25  mm.  broad, 
smooth  on  both  surfaces,  the 
margin  ciliate  at  the  base ;  spike- 
lets  2.6  to  2.8  mm.  long,  pubes- 
cent. Autumnal  form  branching 
from  the  middle  of  the  culm; 
the  leaves  little  reduced ;  panicles 
very  small. 

This  species  is  found  mostly 
in  woods  and  shady  places.  It 
is  dull,'  grayish  green,  usually 
tinged  with  purple. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  lo- 
cality, SchnecTc  in  1879. 

LATIFOLIA 

The  species  belonging  to  this 
group  are  readily  distinguished 
by  their  very  tall  culms  and 


Figs.  89-90. — 89,  P.  commutatum,    broad,    thin   leaves,    which   are 
culm;    90,  P.  commutatum,  spikclet 


1018} 


THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS 


319 


usually  more  than  1.5  cm.  wide.  The  ligules  are  never  over  1  mm.  long. 
The  spikelets  are  from  2.5  to  4.5  mm.  long,  short  pubescent.  Tlu- 
species  are  all  found  in  shady  places. 


91 

Fig.   91. — P.    boscii,  leaf   and  panicle 

Panicum  boscii  Poir. 
(Figs.  91  and  93) 

Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  317. 

Vernal  form  with  the  culms  in  large  clumps  1.5  to  2.5  feet  tall, 
Usually  smooth,   very  rarely  pubescent;   nodes  retrorsely  bearded; 


320 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


sheaths  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  internodes,  ciliate  on 
the  margin,  otherwise  smooth,  rarely  with  fine  pubescence;  ligule 
about  1  mm.  long;  blades  2.5  to  5  inches  long,  1.5. to  3  cm.  wide, 
usually  smooth  on  both  surfaces  but  sometimes  \vith  a  few  fine,  short 
hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  ciliate  on  the  margin  at  base;  spikelets 
4  to  4.5  mm.  long,  covered  with  fine  hairs.  Autumnal  form  as  in 
P.  clandestinum,  sometimes  branched  enough  to  be  top-heavy. 

This  species  is  found  in  woods  and  other  shady  places.  It  is  closely 
related  to  P.  latifolium  and  has  been  mistaken  for  that  species  by  many 
of  the  earlier  writers,  who  seem  to  have  included  all  the  species  of 
Latifolia  under  that  name. 

CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  May,  1899.  JACKSON  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, French  in  1905.  JOHNSON  co.  Tunnel  Hill,  Eidgway  in  1902.  POPE  co. 
Herod,  Clinton,  July,  1898.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co. 
Without  locality,  Schncck,  May,  1906;  without  locality,  Shearer,  Aug.,  1899; 
Hanging  Eock,  ScTineck,  Sept.,  1904;  Key's  Hill,  SchnecTc,  June,  1905. 


//    -83'  94 

Figs.  92-94. — Spikelets:    92,  P.  clandestinum;  93,  P.  boscii;  94,  P.  latifolium 

Panicmn  boscii  molle  (Vasey)  Hitchc.  and  Chase 

This  differs  from  the  species  in  the  soft  pubescence  of  culms  and 
sheaths,  which  gives  them  a  velvety  appearance.  The  blades  are  vel- 
vety on  the  under  surface  and  have  slightly  longer  hairs  on  the  upper 
surface.  It  is  usually  not  so  tall  as  the  species,  but  there  are  inter- 
grading  forms. 

UNION  co.  Without  locality,  French  in  1872.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality, 
Shearer,  Aug.,  1899;  Leopold's  farm,  Schncck,  May,  1906;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck, 
May,  1904. 

Panicum  clandestinum  L. 

(Fig.  92) 

Engelmann  '44,  103;  Lapham  '57,  548,  595;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78, 
284;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  139;  Huett  '97,  128;  Hitchcock 
and  Chase  '10,  312. 

Vernal  form  with  the  culms  in  large  clumps,  the  culms  2.5  to  5 
feet  tall,  usually  papillose-pubescent ;  sheaths  as  long  as  the  internodes, 
with  long  hairs  like  the  culm,  at  least  on  the  loAver  sheaths,  or  on  the 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  321 

branches ;  blades  4  to  8  inches  long,  from  1.5  to  3  cm.  broad,  rough  on 
both  surfaces  but  not  pubescent,  ciliate  on  the  margin  at  base ;  spikelets 
2.7  to  3  mm.  long,  short  pubescent.  Autumnal  form  not  very  different 
except  for  the  branching  from  the  middle  and  upper  nodes,  and  the 
much  reduced  panicles  almost  completely  hidden  in  the  sheaths. 
This  species  is  found  in  sandy  soil,  usually  in  moist  situations. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf  in  1882.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Tay- 
lorville,  Andrews,  May,  1898.  FULTON  CO.  Canton,  Wolf.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Along 
the  Mississippi  river,  Pepoon  580.  KANKAKEE  co.  Mt.  Langham,  near  Kankakee, 
De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1902 
and  1903.  UNION  co.  Anna,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  VERMILION  co.  Stony  Crest, 
Butts  and  Seymour.  WABASH  CO.  Without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck, 
June,  1885;  Hanging  Rock,  Schneck,  May,  1906;  Belmont,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1900. 

Panicum  latifolium  L. 

(Fig.  93) 

Lapham  '57,  548,  595;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284; 
Hig'.ey  and  Raddin  '91,  139;  Huett  '97,  128;  Hitchcock  and  Chase  '10,  314. 

Vernal  form  with  a  clump  of  stout  culms  1.5  to  3.5  feet  tall, 
smooth ;  the  nodes  not  bearded,  rarely  with  a  few  hairs ;  sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  otherwise  smooth,  or  with  a 
few  short,  soft  hairs  on  the  lower  sheaths ;  ligule  not  visible ;  blades  3 
to  5  inches  long,  1.5  to  4  cm.  wide,  usually  smooth,  but  occasionally 
with  a  few  short  hairs  on  one  or  both  surfaces;  spikelets  3.4  to  3.7 
mm.  long,  sparsely  pubescent.  Autumnal  form  as  in  P.  clandestinum. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  shady  places.  The  plants  are  typ- 
ically smooth,  but  some  specimens  are  found  with  short  hairs  on 
culms  and  sheaths. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb 
in  1861.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Waite  in  1886;  Urbana,  Butts  and  Seymour, 
June,  1880.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  May,  1894.  COOK  co.  Beverly 
Hills,  Eobert  Bebb  882;  Edgewater,  Chicago,  Gates,  July,  1906;  Hyde  Park,  Chi- 
cago, Babcock,  July,  1873.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon,  Aug.,  1908. 
LAKE  co.  Antioch,  Gleason  and  Shobe  268.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason. 
MACON  co.  East  of  Fishing  Club,  Clokey  2436.  MARSHALL  co.  Lawn  Ridge,  V. 
.  H.  Chase,  July,  1907.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA  CO. 
Peoria,  Brendel;  Glasford,  Wilcox  22,  41;  Mossville,  A.  Chase  889;  Peoria,  Mc- 
Donald 33.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Eggert  239;  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 
VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality, 
Schneck  in  1879;  Key's  Hill,  Schneck,  June,  1905;  Mt.  Ca.rmel,  Schneck  in  1878 
and  Aug.,  1900;  Hanging  Rock,  Schneck  in  1879. 

The  following  species  cited  as  having  been  found  in  Illinois  have 
not  been  seen : 

Panicum  laxiflorum  Lam. — This  name  is  listed  by  Higley  and  Rad- 
din ( '91,  139)  and  Huett  ( '97,  128).  It  probably  refers  to  P.  dichot- 
omum,  while  the  name  P.  dicliotomum  was  applied  to  the  species  of 
Languinosa. 

Panicum  nitidum  Lam. — This  name  is  listed  by  Huett  ('97,  128) 
as  occurring  in  Illinois.  According  to  Hitchcock  and  Chase  this  species 
is  not  found  so  far  north.  The  name  may  refer  to  P.  spliaerocarpon. 


322  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Panicum  pubescens  Lam. — This  is  cited  by  Engelmann  ( '44,  103) 
and  refers  to  the  group  Languinosa,  the  name  P.  pubescens  having 
been  applied  to  these  species  in  common. 

Panicum  scoparium. — Englemann  ('44,  103)  cites  P.  scoparium 
Lam.,  while  Lapham  ( '57,  548)  cites  P.  scoparium  Michx.  The  species 
they  referred  to  is  probably  P.  scribnerianum. 

Panicum  xanthophysum  A.  Gray. — Lapham  ('57,  548,  595)  and 
Flagg  ( '78,  284)  cite  this  as  an  Illinois  species.  The  name  was  prob- 
ably misapplied  to  P.  leibergii. 

10.    ECHINOCHLOA   Beauv. 

This  genus  is  closely  related  to  Panicum.  It  has  the  same  type  of 
spikelets,  but  the  sterile  lemma  is  awned  or  awn-pointed,  and  some- 
times the  second  glume.  The  spikelets  have  stiff,  bristly  hairs  on  the 
nerves.  The  plants  are  coarse,  rank  annuals  with  long,  broad  leaves. 
The  ligule  is  obsolete.  The  inflorescence  is  of  panicles  with  short 
raceme-like  branches,  the  spikelets  crowded. 

Sheaths  smooth;  awns  seldom  an  inch  in  length,  usually  much  shorter. 

Spikelets  nearly  always  awned,  the  second  glume  with  a  short  awn  or  awn- 
pointed;  spines  on  the  nerves  stout  and  strong;  panicle  usually  spreading, 
never  compact,  usually  more  than  an  inch  in  width.  E.  crus-galli 

Spikelets  with  a  very  short  awn  or  awn  point,  second  glume  not  awned  or  awn- 
pointed;  spines  on  the  nerves  delicate;  panicle  never  spreading,  very  com- 
pact, an  inch  or  less  in  width.  E.  frumentacea 
Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower,  papillose-hispid;   awns  usually  about  two  inches  in 
length.  E.  walteri 

Echinochloa  crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv. 
Barnyard  Grass.     Cock-spur  Grass  (Figs.  98  and  99) 

Panicum  crus-galli,  Lapham  '57,  548,  596;  Babcoek  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76, 
52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  139;  Huett  '97,  128. 
Echinochloa  crus-galli,  Gates  '12,  354;  Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  branching  from  the  base,  often  spreading  over  the  ground,  1 
to  6  feet  long;  sheaths  and  blades  smooth,  the  blades  6  to  24  inches 
long,  6  to  25  mm.  wide ;  panicle  4  to  12  inches  long,  usually  spreading ; 
spikelets  about  3  mm.  long. 

This  species  was  introduced  from  Europe  and  is  found  all  over  the 
state.  It  is  one  of  the  commonest  weeds  of  the  farm  and  garden,  pre- 
ferring damp,  rich  soil,  and  hence  it  is  usually  abundant  in  barnyards. 
The  panicles  vary  in  color  from  green  to  purple.  It  can  be  eradicated 
by  a  thoro  cultivation,  which  prevents  the  formation  of  seed. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Clinton,  Aug.,  1895;  Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1880;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1913. 
COOK  CO.  Bowmanvil,  Chicago,  Gates,  July,  1906;  Chicago,  Babcoek,  Aug.,  1874. 
FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Aug.,  1913. 
LAKE  co.  Libertyville,  Sherff,  Sept.,  1912;  Waukegan,  Gleason  and  Shobe  320. 
MCHENKY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1878.  MACON  co.  Decatur,  Clolcey,  Aug., 
1897.  PEORIA  CO.  Peoria,  McDonald;  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascou- 
tah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Without  locality,  V.  H.  Chase  95.  WINNEBAGO  co. 
Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Bebb. 


1918} 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


323 


Echinochloa  frumentacea  (Roxb.)  Link 

Japanese  Barnyard  Millet.  Billion  Dollar  Grass  (Figs.  95  and  96) 
This  species  was  introduced  into  the  United  States  some  years  ago, 
in  the  hope  that  it  would  prove  to  be  a  valuable  forage  plant.  As 
its  value  was  not  so  great  as  was  expected,  little  of  it  is  now  cultivated. 
It  has  frequently  been  found  as  an  escape  from  cultivation.  It  closely 
resembles  the  short-awned  forms  of  E.  crus-galli,  but  has  a  narrower, 
more  compact  panicle. 

VERMILION  co.     Bank  of  Butler  Branch  creek,  Catlin,  Lansing,  Sept.,  1912. 

Echinochloa  waiter!  (Pursh)  Nash 
Salt-marsh  Cockspur  Grass  (Fig.  97) 

Panicum  hispidum,  Lapham  '57,  548.  Panicum  crus-galli  var.  hispidum,  Pat- 
terson '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Higley  and  Kaddin  '91,  139;  Huett,  '97,  128. 

Culms  branching  from  the  base  and  often  spreading,  1  to  6  feet 
long;  sheaths,  at  least  the  lower,  densely  papillose-hirsute;  blades 
usually  roughened  but  not  pubescent,  a  foot  or  more  long,  12  to  25 
mm.  wide ;  panicle  nodding,  the  branches  usually  ascending ;  spikelets 
about  3  mm.  long,  the  first  glume  with  a  short  awn,  the  second  glume 
and  sterile  lemma  with  awns  2  inches  or  more  long. 

This  is  the  only  native  species  of  the  genus  found  in  Illinois.  It 
likes  wet  places,  such  as  marshes,  and  is  usually  found  near  salt  water. 

COOK  co.  Shores  of  Calumet  lake,  Chicago,  A.  Chase  1426;  shores  of 
Calumet  lake,  Chicago,  Sherff,  Sept.,  1912;  Pullman,  Hill,  Aug.,  1900.-  FULTON  co. 
Canton,  Wolf.  LAKE  co.  Antioch,  Gleason  and  Shobe  259;  Fox  lake,  Aug.,  1908. 
PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  GLAIR  co'.  Without  locality,  Eggert,  Sept.,  1879 ; 
Mascoutah,  Welsch;  East  St.  Louis,  Eggert,  June,  1878.  TAZEWELL  co.  East 
Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1889. 


97 


99 


Figs.  95-99. — 95,  E.  frumentacea,  inflorescence;  96,  E.  frumentacea,  spike- 
let;  97,  E.  walteri,  spikelet;  98,  E.  crus-galli,  inflorescence;  99,  E.  crus-galli, 
spikelet 


324 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


11.   CHAETOCHLOA   Scribn. 

This  is  another  genus  closely  related  to  Panicum  and  with  the  same 
type  of  spikelets,  but  these  have  a  cluster  of  one  to  several  bristle-like 
branchlets  on  the  short  pedicel  just  below  the  spikelet  (Fig.  101).  The 
inflorescence  is  of  spike-like  panicles ;  the  blades  are  long  and  flat.  The 
ligule  is  a  ring  of  hairs  1  to  2  mm.  in  length.  The  Illinois  species  are 
all  annuals  and  were  all  introduced  from  Europe. 

Spikelets  at  least  3  mm.  long. 

Lemmas  deeply  transversely  rugose,  very  convex;  bristles  5  or  more,  yellow  or 
yellowish  brown;  panicle  1  cm.  or  less  thick;  spikelets  usually  exceeding  3 
mm.  in  length.  .  C.  lutescens 

Lemmas  faintly  transversely  rugose,  moderately  convex;  bristles  1  to  3,  usu- 
ally purple,  but  sometimes  yellow;  inflorescence  generally  more  than  1  cm. 
thick.  C.  italica 

Spikelets  about  2  mm.  long. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed.  C.  verticillata 

Bristles  upwardly  barbed.  C.  viridis 


101 


103 


104 


102 


Figs.  100-104. — 100,  C.  lutescens,  inflorescence;  101,  C.  lutescens,  spikelet; 
102,  C.  italica,  spikelet;  103,  C.  viridis,  spikelet;  104,  C.  verticillata,  spikelet 

Chaetochloa  italica  (L.)  Scribn. 
Millet.    Hungarian  Grass.    Italian  Millet.    Foxtail  Millet  (Fig.  102) 

Setaria  italica,  Flagg  '78,  284;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  140;  Huett  '97,  129. 

Culms  generally  erect,  2  to  6  feet  tall ;  sheaths  and  blades  generally 
roughened  but  not  pubescent;  blades  6  to  12  inches  in  length,  6  to  36 
mm.  wide;  panicle  1.25  to  5  cm.  thick,  usually  compound;  spikelets 
about  3  mm.  long,  bristles  2  or  3,  usually  purplish. 

This  grass  is  extensively  cultivated  for  forage.  There  are  many 
varieties.  Hungarian  grass  is  a  form  with  small  purple  heads.  The 
common  millet  with  a  large  compound  inflorescence  is  more  generally 
cultivated. 


1D1S}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  325 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1895  ;  Urbana,  Seymour,  July,  1880 ; 
Urbana,  Mosher  in  1914.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  A.  Chase  1198.  KANKAKEE  co. 
Kankakee,  Eeecher,  July,  1908;  Kankakee,  Hill,  Aug.,  1870.  LAKE  co.  Channel 
lake,  Raynes,  Aug.,  1905.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1900;  Peoria, 
Brendel.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  July,  1905. 

Chaetochloa  lutescens  (Wiegel.)  Stuntz 
Yellow  Foxtail.    Pigeon  Grass  (Figs.  100  and  101) 

Setaria  glauca,  Lapham  '57,  548,  597  (Plate  4,  Fig.  5);  Patterson  '76,  52; 
Tlagg  '78,  284;  Higley  and  Kaddin  '91,  140;  Huett  '97,  129;  Gleason  '10,  148. 
Chaetochloa  glauca,  Britton  '07,  89. 

Culms  branching  at  the  base,  usually  erect,  or  often  spreading, 
1  to  4  feet  long ;  sheaths  and  blades  smooth,  the  blades  2  to  6  inches 
long,  5  to  15  mm.  wide ;  panicle  1  to  3.5  inches  long,  1  cm.  or  less  wide ; 
spikelets  3  mm.  or  more  in  length,  bristles  5  or  more,  tawny  yellow, 
upwardly  barbed. 

Yellow  foxtail  is  one  of  the  worst  weeds  of  the  cornfield,  or  in 
fact  of  most  grain  fields.  It  comes  up  in  the  field  after  cultivation 
has  been  discontinued  and  produces  enormous  quantities  of  seed,  which 
effectively  seed  the  field  for  spring.  If  the  field  is  plowed  in  the  fall 
before  the  seed  ripens,  and  thoroly  cultivated  the  next  year,  a  great 
deal  of  it  will  be  destroyed.  It  blooms  almost  thruout  the  season  and 
can  be  eradicated  only  by  frequent  cultivation.  Not  all  the  seed  sprouts 
the  first  year ;  the  soil  is  often  so  full  of  it  that  it  takes  several  years 
to  eradicate  it. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1868.  CHAMPAIGN  co. 
Without  locality,  Percival,  Nov.,  1876;  Urbana,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898;  Urbana,  Clin- 
ton, Aug.,  1895;  Urbana,  Seymour,  July,  1881;  Urbana,  Burrill,  Aug.,  1880;  Sey- 
mour, Tsou,  Oct.,  1913;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1913.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  Lansing, 
Aug.,  1897;  Chicago,  Hill,  July,  1895.  LAKE  co.  Channel  lake,  Haynes,  Aug., 
1905.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Eobertson  in  1881.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Bren- 
del. ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase. 

Chaetochloa  verticillata  (L.)  Scribn. 
Bristly  Foxtail   (Fig.  104) 

Setaria  verticillata,  Patterson  '76,  52;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  140. 

Culms  erect  or  spreading,  1  to  3  feet  long ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades 
thin,  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  but  not  hairy ;  panicles  much  like 
those  of  C.  lutescens  as  to  shape  and  size,  green ;  spikelets  2  to  2.5  mm. 
in  length,  bristles  1  to  3,  stout,  and  downwardly  barbed. 

This  species  is  a  weed  in  waste  places  and  around  dwellings,  but  it 
is  not  very  common  in  Illinois. 

HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1873.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Bren- 
del. ROCK  ISLAND  co.  Moline,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1884.  STARK  co.  V.  H.  Chase, 
Aug.,  1897. 


326  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn. 
Green  Foxtail.    Bottle  Grass   (Fig.  103) 

Setaria  viridis,  Vasey  '61,  671;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Higley 
and  Raddin  '91,  140;  Huett  '97,  129;  Gleason  '07,  181. 

Culms  branching  at  the  base,  erect  or  spreading,  1  to  3  feet  tall ; 
sheaths  and  blades  smooth,  the  blades  3  to  10  inches  long,  4  to  32  mm. 
wide;  panicles  less  than  1  cm.  broad;  spikelets  about  2  mm.  long, 
bristles  1  to  3,  green,  upwardly  barbed. 

Green  foxtail  is  found  in  the  same  places  as  yellow  foxtail,  C. 
lutescens,  and  may  be  exterminated  in  the  s-ame  way. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1895;  Champaign,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1898; 
Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1880;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1913.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Tay- 
lorville,  De  Motte.  COOK  co.  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  A.  Chase,  July,  1901;  Landers, 
Chicago,  Hill,  July,  1895.  KANKAKEE  co.  Waldron,  Hill,  July,  1873.  MCHENBT 
co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1878.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug., 
1882.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald;  Peoria,  Brendel.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra, 
V.  H.  Chase,  Aug.,  1897.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  May,  1896. 

12.    CENCHRUS   L. 

Because  of  the  peculiar  burs  which  inclose  the  spikelets,  the  plants 
belonging  to  this  genus  will  never  be  confused  with  any  other  species 
of  grass.  These  burs  are  borne  in  a  spike  and  are  armed  with  stout 
spines  which  are  retrorsely  barbed  and  often  inflict  painful  wounds. 
They  are  easily  detached  from  the  culm  when  they  are  mature  and 
are  carried  around  by  animals.  Each  bur  contains  from  2  to  6  spike- 
lots  which  always  remain  and  germinate  inside  the  bur.  The  sheaths 
are  rather  loose  and  the  blades  are  short  and  narrow.  The  ligule  is  a 
ring  of  short  hairs  less  than.  1  mm.  in  length.  The  plants  are  found 
in  waste  places,  usually  where  there  is  sandy  soil.  The  only  species 
in  Illinois  is  an  annual. 

Cenchms  carolinianus  Walt. 
Sandbur.    Bur  Grass.     Hedgehog  Grass  (Figs.  105  and  106) 

Cenchrus  tribuloides,  Lapham  '57,  548,  597;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  64; 
Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  140;  Huett  '97,  129;  McDonald  '00,  103.  Cenchrus  caro- 
linianus, Gleason  '10,  148;  Gates  '12,  354. 

Culms  flattened,  8  to  30  inches  long,  branched  at  nearly  all  the 
nodes,  usually  spreading  on  the  ground,  the  branches  ascending,  and 
forming  large  mats;  sheaths  loose,  flattened,  smooth;  blades  smooth, 
sometimes  folded,  2  to  5  inches  long,  5  to  10  mm.  broad ;  burs  about  8 
mm.  thick,  the  surface  pubescent  between  the  spines. 

This  species  is  a  troublesome  weed  in  some  situations,  but  it  may  be 
eradicated  by  thoro  cultivation. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CARROLL  co.  Near  Mississ- 
ippi river,  Pepoon,  Aug.,  1879.  CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Champaign,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1898; 
Champaign,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1880.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Lansing;  Chicago,  'Bab- 
cock,  July,  1874 ;  Ravenswood,  Reynolds.  KANKAKEE  CO.  Altorf  7  H  ill,  July,  1873, 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


327 


LAKE  co.  Waukegan,  Gates  2980.  MCHENRY  co.  Ringvvood, .  Vasey.  MACOUPIN 
co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1881.  MASON  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb 
in  1861.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall;  Athens,  Hall,  Aug.,  18(34.  FEORIA  co. 
Pecria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1885;  Peoria,  Srendel,  Aug.,  1852.  STARK  CO.  Wady 
Petra,,  V.  H.  Chase  1929.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1915.  WINNE- 
BAGO  co.  Fountaimlale,  M.  S.  Bebb.  WABASH  CO.  Banks  of  Wabash  river, 
Schneck,  July,  1904. 


107 


106 


106 


Figs.  105-107. — 105,  C.  carolinianus;  106,  C.  carolinianvs,  spikelet;  107,  Z. 
palitstris,  inflorescence 

13.   ZIZANIA  L. 

These  annual  grasses  are  usually  found  growing  in  the  water  along 
the  edges  of  ponds  and  streams.  The  plants  are  tall,  with  broad 
leaves  and  large,  open  panicles.  The  erect,  awned,  pistillate  spikelets 
are  borne  on  the  ascending  upper  branches  of  the  panicle,  the  pen^" 
clulous,  staminate  spikelets  on  the  spreading  lower  branches.  The 
spikelets  are  all  one-flowered. 


328  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Zizania  palustris  L. 
Wild  Rice.    Water  Oats.    Indian  Eice    (Fig.  107) 

Zizania  aquatica,  Lapham  '57,  544,  561  (Plate  1,  Fig.  2);  Babcock  '73,  9G; 
Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  279;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91/140; 
Huett  '97,  129;  Cowles  '00,  155. 

Culms  erect,  3  to  10  feet  tall;  sheaths  loose,  smooth;  ligule  mem- 
branous, 5  to  6  mm.  long;  blades  1  to  3  feet  long,  1.5  to  4  cm.  wide, 
smooth ;  panicles  1  to  2  feet  long ;  pistillate  spikelets  8  to  24  mm.  long, 
awned ;  staminate,  6  to  12  mm.  long,  not  awned. 

This  species  was  once  very  abundant  in  Illinois  but  is  now  rare. 
Patterson  '76  describes  it  as  being  very  common  along  the  margins 
of  ponds  and  sloughs.  Mr.  R.  E.  Richardson  of  the  Illinois  State 
Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  who  is  stationed  at  Havana,  says  that 
from  inquiries  he  has  made  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  prior  to 
1900  wild  rice  was  abundant  along  the  Illinois  river  as  far  north  as 
the  head  of  Peoria  lake.  In  that  year  the  permanent  increase  in  water 
levels  caused  by  the  addition  of  water  from  Lake  Michigan  probably 
led  to  its  extermination  in  many  situations,  tho  it  is  reported  to  be 
still  found  along  Rice  lake  and  Beebe  lake.  Mr.  Elmer  Caldwell, 
formerly  a  member  of  the  State  Fish  Commission,  has  reported  it  from 
his  land  around  Slim  lake  and  Moulden  lake,  which  are  not  far  from 
West  Matanzas  lake.  One  of  the  old  residents  of  Havana  reports  that 
in  the  '90 's  a  Mr.  Thomas  High  used  to  cut  it  regularly  for  hay  on 
his  land  about  Duck  lake. 

COOK  co.  Chicago,  Babcock,  Aug.,  1874;  Desplains  river,  Lyons,  A.  Chase, 
Aug.,  1901;  Thornton,  Hill,  Sept.,  1866.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Sept., 
1902.  FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf;  Breeds,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1897.  KANKAKEE  co. 
In  Kankakee  river,  Hill,  Aug.,  1870.  LAKE  co.  Fourth  lake,  Walcott,  Aug.,  1911. 
MCHENRY  co.  Eingwood,  Vasey.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  UNION  co.  Bluff 
lake,  Seymour.  WILL  co,  Joliet,  Skeels,  Aug.,  1904. 

14.  HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg. 

These  grasses  are  found  in  wet,  usually  marshy  places  and  are 
easily  distinguished  by  their  panicles  of  laterally  flattened  spikelets, 
their  narrow,  rough  leaves,  and  very  short  membranous  ligules.  The 
spikelets  are  perfect,  the  glumes  obsolete.  There  are  two  kinds  of 
panicles,  however, — a  broad,  spreading  one,  in  which  the  spikelets  are 
usually  sterile,  and  a  small,  narrow,  hidden  one  inclosed  by  the  sheath, 
in  which  the  spikelets  ripen  seed.  The  species  are  all  native  to  Illinois. 

Spikelets  longer  than  broad,  with  bristly  hairs  on  the  margins  and  veins,  the  sur- 
face pubescent. 

Spikelets  2.5  to  3.5  mm.  long,  sparsely  covered  with  short,  stiff  hairs  all  of 

the  same  length;  branches  single.  H.  virginicus 

Spikelets  4  to  5   mm.  long,  with  longer,  stiffer  hairs  around  the  margin; 

branches  fascicled.  H.  oryzoides 

Spikelets  about  as  broad  as  long,  with  strong,  bristly  hairs  on  margins  and  veins, 

the  surface  smooth  and  glabrous.  H.  lenticularis 


19JS] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


32U 


"^ 


108 


109 


110 


111 


Figs.  108-111. — 108, 'H.  lenticularis,  inflorescence;  109,  H.  lenticularis,  spike- 
let;  110,  H.  oryzoides,  spikelet;  111,  H.  virginicus,  spikelet 

Homalocenchrus  lenticularis  Michx. 
Catch-fly  Grass  (Figs.  108  and  109) 

Leersia  lenticularis,  Michaux  '03,  39;  Lapham  '57,  544,  560;  Patterson.  '76, 
49;  Flagg  '78,  279;  Brendel  '87,  63. 

Culms  2  to  4  feet  tall,  smooth,  usually  not  branched,  the  nodes 
pubescent;  sheaths  rough,  blades  slightly  rough,  4  to  12  inches  long, 
8  to  20  mm.  wide;  panicle  4  to  10  inches  long;  spikelets  very  flat, 
closely  overlapping  and  nearly  covering  each  other,  5  mm.  in  length. 

This  species  was  reported  by  Patterson  '76  as  abundant  along  the 
river  banks  from  Peoria  and  Henderson  counties  southward.  In  1904 
it  was  reported  by  F.  E.  McDonald  as  rare. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality.  Hall.  COOK  co.  Wolf  lake,  Chicago, 
mil,  Sept.,  1892.  HANCCCK  co.  Without  locality,  Ehinger  in  1881.  HENDERSON 
co.  Mississippi  river  near  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1873.  KANKAKEE  co. 
Kankakee,  Hill,  Aug.,  1870.  MACON  co.  Decatur,  Clokey,  Sept.,  1898.  MARION  CO. 
Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb.  MASON  co.  Havana,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1886.  MENARD 
co.  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861;  Athens,  Hall  in  1861.  PEORTA  CO.  Near  Illi- 
nois river,  McDonald  in  1904;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1901;  Peoria,  Brendel. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.  Fayetteville,  Brendel;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WILL  co.  Homer,  Htil, 
Aug.,  1911.  WOODFORD  co.  Near  Upper  Ferry,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1889. 


Cut  Grass. 


Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw. 
White  Grass.     False  Rice.    Rice  Cut  Grass  (Fig.  110) 


Leersia  oryzoides,  Lapham  '57,  544,  560 ;  Babcock  '73,  96 ;  Patterson  '76,  49 ; 
Flagg  '78,  279;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  140;  Huett  '97,  129; 
Gates  '12,  354;  Gleason  '12,  44;  Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  long,  usually  branched,  smooth,  the  nodes  pubes- 
cent; sheaths  and  blades  usually  quite  rough,  the  blades  3  to  10  inches 
long  and  4  to  10  mm.  wide ;  spikelets  4  to  5  mm.  long. 


330  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  the  water  or  in  very  damp  soil.  It 
gets  its  common  name  from  the  roughness  of  the  leaves,  which  often 
cut  the  hands  if  one  attempts  to  pull  up  the  plant. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  northern  Illinois,  M.  S.  Bebb. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour,  Oct.,  1880 ;  Crystal  lake,  Urbana,  Clinton,  Sept., 
1899;  Mahomet,  Gibbs  and  Clinton,  Oct.,  1898.  COOK  co.  Evanston,  Shipman, 
Sept.,  1875 ;  Chicago,  Lansing,  Sept.,  1898 ;  Palos  Park,  Umbach,  Sept.,  1909.  DU 
PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Sept.,  1902.  FORD  CO.  Paxton,  Moffatt,  Sept.,  1897. 
FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf.  JACKSON  CO.-  Makanda,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880. 
KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913.  LAKE  co.  South  of  Lake  Villa, 
Gleason  and  STiobe  228;  Libertyville,  Sherff,  Sept.,  1912.  LIVINGSTON  co.  Chats- 
worth,  Wilcox,  July,  1902.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1878.  MA- 
COUPIN  CO.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1880.  MARSHALL  co.  Near  Henry,  Meek, 
Sept.,  1906.  MENARD  CO.  Athens,  Hall,  Sept.,  1864.  OGLE  CO.  Oregon,  Waite, 
Aug.,  1884.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1896,  and 
1904.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase, 
1910.  VERMILION  £O.  Butler  Branch  creek,  Catlin,  Lansing,  Sept.,  1912.  WA- 
BASH  co.  Hanging  Kock,  Schneck;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1876;  Greathouse 
creek,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1880.  Shannon's  swamp,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1879.  WILL  CO. 
Without  locality,  Moffatt,  Sept.,  1891;  Joliet,  Skeels,  Aug.,  1904.  WINNEBAGO  CO. 
Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Bebb. 

Homalocenchrus  virginicus  Willd. 

White  Grass    (Fig.  Ill) 

Leersia  virginica,  Lapham  '57,  544,  560  (Plate  1,  Fig.  1);  Babcock  '73,  96; 
Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  279;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  140; 
Huett  '97,  129. 

Culms  slender,  branched,  1  to  3  feet  tall,  smooth,  the  nodes  pubes- 
cent and  sometimes  the  culm  for  a  short  distance  below  the  node; 
sheaths  smooth,  blades  thin,  slightly  rough  on  both  surfaces,  2  to  6 
inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide ;  spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  often  found  in  damp  woods  as  well  as  along  the 
margins  of  streams  and  ponds. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Hall;  without  locality,  Vasey. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1899;  Urbana,  Waite,  Aug.,  1887.  COOK 
co.  Palos  Park,  Umbach,  Sept.,  1909;  Beverly  Hills,  Robert  Bebb,  Aug.,  1904; 
Bowmanvil,  Chicago,  Gates.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Aug.,  1902.  JACKSON 
co.  Without  locality,  French,  Aug.,  1905.  KANKAKEE  co.  Baker  -creek,  Kanka- 
kee, De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1878.  MACON 
co.  Decatur,  Clokey,  Sept.,  1898.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall;  Athens, 
Hall  in  1864.  PEORIA  co.  Glasford,  Wilcox,  July,  1902;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug., 
1895;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase,  Aug.,  1900.  ST.  CLAIR  eo.  With- 
out locality,  Brendel;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  CO.  Mt.  Carmel,  Waite,  Aug., 
1887;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Aug.,  1900;  Hanging  Eock,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1879. 

15.   PHALARIS  L. 

These  grasses  are  either  annual  or  perennial  and  have  laterally 
flattened,  apparently  one-flowered  spikelets  in  which  the  glumes:  are 
long,  exceeding  the  hardened  lemma  and  paloa.  There  are  two  small 
scales  at  the  base  of  the  floret  which  represent  sterile- lemmas.  The 
leaves  are  flat,  the  ligulc  thin,  membranous,  3  to  5  mm.  long.  The 
inflorescence  is  of  spike-like,  or  very  narrow  panicles. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  331 

Inflorescence  a  contracted  panicle  8  to  12  cm.  long,  usually  about  1  cm.  broad; 
spikelets  5  to  6  mm.  long,  the  glumes  not  winged. 

Leaves  green;  axis  of  the  panicle  rarely  visible.  P.  arundinacea 

Leaves  striped  green  and  white;  axis  of  the  panicle  often  visible,  especially 

at  the  base.  P.  arundinacea  picta 

Inflorescence  an  ovate,  spike-like  panicle,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  always  more  than  1  cm. 

broad;  spikelets  6  to  8  mm.  long;  the  glumes  winged.  P.  canariensis 

Phalaris  arundinacea  L. 
Reed  Canary  Grass    (Figs.  116  and  117) 

Lapham  '57,  548,  591  (Plate  4,  Fig.  2) ;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  >76,  52; 
Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  141;  Sherff  '12,  419; 
Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  2  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  slightly 
rough,  3  to  6  inches  long,  6  to  16  mm.  wide ;  spikelets  5  to  6  mm.  long. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Babcock, 
June,  1870  and  1873;  south  of  Chicago,  McDonald,  June,  1890;  Beverly  Hills,  A. 
Chase,  June,  1903.  DU  PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Umbach,  June,  1897-.  FULTON  CO. 
Canton,  Wolf.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  June,  1872.  MCHENRY  co. 
Eingwood,  Vasey.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 
STARK  co.  Near  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  615.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel, 
Schneck,  May,  1900. 

Phalaris  arundinacea  picta  L. 
Ribbon  Grass.    Painted  Grass 

This  variety,  a  common  garden  form  introduced  from  the  Old 
World,  is  probably  more  familiar  to  many  Illinois  people  than  the 
native  species.  The  leaves  are  striped  with  white,  and  the  panicle  is 
usually  more  open.  It  frequently  escapes  from  cultivation. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Pills'bury,  June,  1889.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welsch. 

Phalaris  canariensis  L. 

Canary  Grass  (Figs.  114  and  115) 

Lapham  '57,  591;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91, 
141;  Huett  '97,  129. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  1  to  3  feet  tall;  sheaths  slightly  roughened, 
blades  very  rough,  2  to  6  inches  long,  panicles  spike-like,  the  length 
2  or  3  times  the  width ;  spikelets  6  to  8  mm.  long,  white  or  pale  yellow, 
the  nerves  green. 

This  species  is  an  annual  introduced  from  Europe.  It  is  found  in 
waste  places  and  along  roadsides.  The  seeds  are  used  as  food  for 
canaries. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1880;  Champaign,  McCluer,  July, 
•1893.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Warns;  Jackson  park,  Chicago,  Clark,  July,  1902. 
MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  July,  1878.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robert- 
son, July,  1883.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1896.  ST. 
C'LAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 


332 


BULLETIN  No.  205 
16.   TORRESIA  Ruiz  and  Pav. 


[March, 


The  grasses  belonging  to  this  genus  are  perennials  with  long,  creep- 
ing rootstocks  and  fragrant  leaves.  The  spikelets  are  three-flowered, 
the  terminal  floret  perfect,  the  lower  ones  staminate,  the  three  falling 
together.  The  leaves  are  flat,  the  lower  ones  very  long  and  narrow, 
the  upper  ones  very  short.  The  ligules  are  thin  and  membranous,  3  to 
4  mm.  long.  The  inflorescence  is  an  open  panicle  and  the  spikelets  are 
brown  and  shining.  Only  one  species  of  the  genus  is  found  in  Illinois. 


112 


114 


116 


Figs.  112-117. — 112,  T.  odorata,  panicle;  113,  T.  od-.rata,  spikelet;  114, 
P.  canariensis,  inflorescence;  115,  P.  canariensis,  spikelet;  116,  P.  arundinacea, 
spikelet;  117,  P.  arundinacea,  inflorescence 

Torresia  odorata  (L.)  Hitchc. 
Holy  Grass.    Vanilla  Grass  (Figs.  112  and  113) 

Hierochloa  lorealis,  Vasey  '61,  671;  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Bren- 
del  '87,  88;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  141;  Huett  '97,  129.  Hierochloe  odorata, 
Gates  '12,  355.  Savastana  odorata,  Britton  '07,  93. 

Gulms  erect,  smooth,  2  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  smooth, 
2  to  6  mm.  wide,  those  at  the  base  4  to  8  inches  long,  those  on  the  culm 
1  to  2  inches  long;  spikelets  4  to  6  mm.  long,  shining  brown,  when 
fresh  usually  with  a  purplish  tinge. 

This  grass  is  called  Holy  grass  in  Europe,  where  it  is  strewn  before 
churches  on  saints'  days.  In  this  country  the  long  leaves  have  been 
used  by  the  Indians  in  weaving  baskets,  mats,  etc.,  tho  the  grass  which 
is  now  most  used  by  them  for  this  purpose  is  AntJioxanthum  odoratum, 
or  sweet  vernal  grass,  which  retains  its  fragrance  much  better.  No  Illi- 
nois specimens  of  this  grass  have  been  seen  by  the  writer. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  northern  Illinois,  Brendel.  COOK  CO.- 
Without  locality,  Shipman,  May,  1876;  Beverly  Hills,  A.  Chase  2074;  Dunning, 
(rates,  May,  1906;  Dunning,  Umbach,  May,  1901;  Chicago,  Moffatt,  May,  1895; 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  333 

Chicago,  Ba~bcoclc,  May,  1874;  Washington  Heights,  Rill,  May,  1882;  South  park, 
Chicago,  Clark,  May,  1902.  DU  PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Umbach,  May,  1895. 
GRUNDY  co.  Without  locality,  Brcndel.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  Gates  1651.  MCHENRY 
co.  Without  locality,  Vasey;  Ringwood,  Vasey  in  1853.  WINNEBAGO  co.  With- 
out locality,  M.  8.  Bebb. 

17.  MILIUM    (Tourn.)  L. 

These  grasses  are  distinguished  by  the  narrow,  one-flowered  spike- 
lets  in  which  the  glumes  are  equal  and  exceed  the  hard,  shiny  lemma 
and  palea,  which  resemble  those  of  species  of  Panieum.  The  leaves 
are  thin  and  flat  and  the  ligule  thin  and  membranous,  3  to  4  mm.  long. 
The  panicle*  is  large  and  open.  There  is  one  species  in  Illinois,  which 
is  perennial  from  creeping  rootstocks. 

Milium  effusum  L. 
Wild  Millet.    Tall  Millet  Grass  (Figs.  118  and  119) 

Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  284;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  erect  but  weak,  smooth,  2  to  6  feet  tall ;  leaves  smooth  thru- 
out,  the  blades  3  to  9  inches  long,  6  to  15  mm.  wide ;  panicles  6  to  20 
inches  long,  the  drooping  branches  usually  roughened  with  short,  stiff 
hairs ;  spikelets  3  to  3.5  mm.  long,  the  surface  of  the  glumes  rough. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  rich,  moist  woods.  It  is  native 
to  the  northern  part  of  America  and  is  also  found  in  the  north  of 
Europe  and  Asia. 

KANE  co.     Elgin,  Vasey.     TAZEWELL  co.     Without  locality,  Brendel. 

18.  ORYZOPSIS  Michx. 

These  perennial  grasses  are  not  abundant  in  Illinois.  The  spikelets 
are  one-flowered,  the  glumes  long,  the  lemma  rather  hard,  pubescent, 
and  terminated  by  a  slender,  deciduous  awn.  The  leaves  are  often 
involute;  the  ligule  is  membranous  and  very  short,  almost  wanting. 
The  inflorescence  is  of  very  narrow  panicles  borne  well  above  the 
leaves. 

Blades  narrow,  involute;  spikelets,  excluding  awn,  less  than  5  mm.  long. 

0.  puny  ens 
Blades  broad,  flat;  spikelets,  excluding  awn,  always  more  than  5  mm.  long. 

Leaves  mostly  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  plant;  blades  rough  on  the  upper 

surface  but  not  pubescent. .  0.  asperifolia 

Leaves  distributed  along  the  culm;   blades  densely  pubescent  on  the  upper 

surface.  0.  raccmosa 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx. 
White-grained  Mountain  Rice  (Figs.  120  and  121) 

Culms  usually  erect,  tufted,  1  to  2  feet  tall,  the  leaves  crowded  at 
the  base ;  sheaths  smooth ;  basal  blades  very  long,  often  longer  than  the 
culm,  generally  covered  with  whitish  bloom,  rough  on  the  upper  sur- 


334 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


face  but  not  pubescent,  4  to  8  mm.  wide ;  culm  blades,  if  present,  less 
than  an  inch  long;  spikelets  6  to  8  mm.  long,  the  awn  5  to  10  mm. 
long ;  lemma  not  turning  black  when  the  fruit  is  ripe. 

This  species  is  found  on  wooded  hillsides  or  in  pastures,  especially 
in  damp  situations.  After  the  fruit  is  ripe,  the  leaves  usually  spread 
out  flat  on  the  ground,  while  the  culms  remain  erect. 

COOK  co.     Without  locality,  Shipman  in  1877. 


120 


124 


122 


Figs.  118-124. — 118,  M.  effusum,  panicle;  119,  M.  effusum,  spikelet;  120, 
0.  asperifolia,  inflorescence;  121,  0.  asperifolia,  spikelet;  122,  0.  racemosa, 
spikelet;  123,  0.  pungcns,  spikelet;  124,  S.  spartea,  spikelet,  (a)  glume,  (b) 
lemma,  (c)  callus 

Oryzopsis  pungens  (Torr.)  Hitchc. 
Slender  Mountain  Rice  (Fig.  123) 

Oryzopsis  canadensis,  Lapham  '57,  545;  Flagg  '78,  280. 

Culms  in  thick  tufts,  6  to  30  inches  tall ;  the  leaves  crowded  at  the 
base  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm ;  sheaths  usually  smooth ;  blades 
narrow  and  involute;  culm  leaves,  if  any,  very  short;  spikelets  3  to 
4  mm.  long,  the  awn  very  short  or  wanting. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry,  usually  rocky  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMEN  s^:  Without  locality,  Hall.  ST.  CLAIE  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welscli. 

Oryzopsis  racemosa  (Sm.)  Bicker 
Black-fruited  Mountain  Bice  (Fig.  122) 

Oryzopsis  melanocarpa,  Patterson  '76,  50 ;  Flagg  '78,  280 ;  Brendel  '87,  63. 
Culms  erect,  simple,  2  to  4  feet  tall,  the  leaves  not  crowded  at  the 
base;  sheaths  usually  smooth,  blades  flat,  4  to  12  inches  long,  4  to  15 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  335 

mm.  wide,  rough  beneath,  densely  pubescent  above;  spikelets  7  to  9 
mm.  long,  the  awn  15  to  25  mm.  long ;  lemma  black  at  maturity. 

Usually  -found  in  rocky  woods.  It  is  quite  different  in  appearance 
from  either  of  the  other  species.  Usually  it  is  not  found  in  such  large 
tufts. 

COOK  co.  Glencoe,  Johnson,  Sept.,  1890.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST. 
CLAIB  co.  Mas'coutah,  Welsch. 

19.   STIPA   L. 

These  species  are  readily  recognized  by  the  long-awned  spikelets. 
The  glumes  are  membranous,  narrow,  and  acuminate.  The  floret 
terminates  in  a  strong  awn  twisted  at  base  and  usually  bent  once  or 
twice ;  at  the  base  of  the  floret  is  a  sharp-pointed  callus  covered  with 
backward-pointing  hairs.  The  lemma  is  hardened,  convolute,  and 
incloses  the  palea.  The  inflorescence  is  a  panicle.  The  leaves  are  long, 
narrow,  and  involute.  The  ligule  is  rather  thick  and  membranous,  1 
to  2  mm.  long.  It  is  probable  that  three  species  may  have  been  found 
in  Illinois,  but  authentic  specimens  of  only  one  species  have  been  'seen 
by  the  writer.  The  species  are  all  perennials. 

Stipa  spartea  Trin. 
Porcupine  Grass   (Fig.  124) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  569;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63; 
Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  141;  Huett  '97,  129;  Gleason  '07,  182;  Gleason  '10,  148; 
Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  erect,  not  branched,  2  to  9  feet  tall,  the  leaves  mostly  crowded 
at  the  base ;  sheaths  smooth,  the  upper  sheaths  often  rather  loose  and 
sometimes  inclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle ;  blades  long  and  narrow, 
usually  involute,  not  over  4  mm.  wide ;  glumes  2.5  to  3.5  cm.  long,  a 
little  longer  than  the  dark  brown  lemma;  awn  4  to  8  inches  long; 
callus  with  a  needle-like  point. 

This  is  one  of  the  species  of  prairie  grasses.  It  is  found  all  over 
the  state. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  prairies,  Vasey;  without  locality, 
Mead.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign,  Waite,~June,  1886;  Urbana,  Seymour,  June, 
1880 ;  Champaign,  Gleason,  May,  1902.  COOK  CO.  West  of  Chicago,  Moffatt,  June, 
1893.  DU  PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Umbach,  May,  1899;  Hinsdale,  Smith.  HENDER- 
SON co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  June,  1872.  HENRY  co.  Galva,  V.  H.  Chase  1750. 
jo  DAVIESS  co.  Hanover,  Gleason  and  Gates  2602.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee, 
Hill,  June,  1873.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  Gates  2464.  MCHENRY  co.  Eingwood,  Vasey. 
MACON  co.  Decatur,  CloTcey,  May,  1899.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria, 
McDonald,  June,  1887.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Eggert,  May,  1877; 
Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1206.  WILL  co.  Joliet, 
Skeels,  June,  1904.  WINNEBAGO  co.  Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Be~b~b. 

Stipa  avenacea  L. — This  species,  commonly  called  black  oat  grass, 
appears  to  have  been  found  in  Illinois  some  time  ago.  Lapham  ( '57, 
545,  569)  describes  it  as  occurring  in  the  state  and  figures  it  (Plate 
2,  Fig.  1) .  From  his  description  and  figure  it  seems  that  the  identifiea- 


336  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

tion  was  correct.  He  describes  it  as  occurring  in  dry,  sandy  places  in 
timbered  land  and  openings.  It  is  also  mentioned  by  Flagg  ( '78,  p. 
280).  This  species  is  distinguished  from  Stipa  spartea  by  its  smaller 
spikelets  in  which  the  glumes  are  8  to  10  mm.  long  and  the  awn  1.5 
to  3  inches  long. 

Stipa  virdula  Trin. — This  species,  commonly  called  green  Stipa,  is 
a  native  of  the  western  states.  In  the  Field  Museum,  Chicago,  there 
is  a  specimen  collected  by  E.  Hall,  Athens,  1862.  Hall  brought  many 
seeds  of  western  grasses  back  with  him  and  planted  them  in  Athens, 
and  many  specimens  preserved  by  him  were  obtained  in  this  manner. 
However,  most  of  these  seem  to  have  been  labeled  ' '  raised  from  seed, ' ' 
and  as  no  other  record  has  been  made  of  the  occurrence  of  this  species 
in  Illinois  it  seems  best  to  place  it  on  the  doubtful  list  at  present.  It 
has  a  narrow  panicle  and  still  smaller  spikelets  than  S.  avenacea,  the 
glumes  being  6  to  8  mm.  long  and  the  awn  less  than  1.5  inches  long. 

20.  AEISTIDA  L. 

Triple-awned  Grass.    Needle  Grass 

These  grasses  were  found  in  abundance  on  the  original  prairie,  and 
many  species  are  still  found  in  Illinois.  They  usually  grow  in  large 
tufts,  or  bunches,  and  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  three-parted 
awn  of  the  lemma.  The  glumes  are  long  and  narrow  and  sometimes 
awn-tipped.  The  one-flowered  spikelets  are  borne  in  narrow  panicles. 
Like  Stipa,  the  lemmas  have  a  sharp-pointed  callus.  The  leaves  are 
long,  and  narrow,  usually  involute.  The  ligule  is  very  short,  never 
over  2  mm.  in  length,  and  is  fringed  with  hairs.  The  species  are  of 
no  value  for  grazing  and  often  are  very  annoying  to  grazing  animals 
because  of  the  awns  and  the  sharp-pointed  callus  which  penetrate  the 
skin.  There  are  both  annual  and  perennial  species. 

a.     Awns  jointed  to  the  lemma,  and  of  nearly  equal  length. 

b.     Awns  united  into  a  conspicuous  spiral  column  6  mm.  or  more  long. 

A.  tuberculosa 

bb.     Awns  not  united  into  a  spiral  column,  reflexed  and  somewhat  coiled  at 
base.  A.  desmantha 

aa.     Awns  not  jointed  to  the  lemma. 

b.     Central  awn  much  longer  than  the  lateral  awns,  the  lateral  awns  erect, 
c.     Central  awn  forming  a  distinct  spiral  at  base;   second  glume  not 

awned. 

d.     Glumes  almost  equal,   awn-pointed,  usually  7  to  9  mm.   long; 
lateral  awns  erect,  about  2  mm.  long.  A.  dichotoma 

dd.  Glumes  unequal,  pointed,  the  first  about  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  second,  which  is  12  to  14  mm.  long;  lateral  awns  spread- 
ing, one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  central  awn. 

A.  basiramea 

cc.     Central  awn  not  forming  a  distinct  spiral,  rarely  a  loose  one,  the  awn 
either  horizontal  or  reflexed,  glumes  awned,  unequal,  the  second 
glume  equaling  the  lemma, 
d.     Central  awn  always  horizontal ;  lemma  5  to  7  mm.  long. 

A.  gracilis 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  337 

del.     Central   awn   forming  a  loose   spiral   or   strongly   reflexed   and 

hook-like;  lemma  20  to  30  mm.  long.  A.  ramossissima 

bb.     Central  awn  differing  slightly  in  length  from  the  lateral  ones,  the  latter 

more  or  less  horizontal';  glumes  almost  equal  in  length, 
c.     Awns  not  over  3  cm.  long,  glumes  9  to  12  mm.  long. 

d.     Leaf-blades   smooth,    not   hairy;    first   glume    longer   than   the 

second.  A.  purpurascens 

dd.     Leaf-blades  with  long  hairs  near  the  base;   first  glume  usually 

equal  to,  but  sometimes  longer  than  the  second.         A.  stricta 

cc.     Awns  4  to  7  cm.  long;  glumes  20  to  30  mm.  long.  A.  oligantha 

Aristida  basiramea  Engelm. 
Forked  Aristida.    Tufted  Triple-awn  (Fig.  131) 

Gleason  '10,  148. 

Culms  branched,  8  to  24  inches  tall ;  sheaths  smooth,  blades  1  to  6 
inches  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide ;  panicles  usually  less  than  6  inches  long, 
narrow,  often  partly  included  in  the  upper  sheaths ;  glumes  pointed, 
unequal,  the  first  8  to  12  mm.,  the  second  12  to  14  mm. ;  lemma  about 
10  mm.  long,  the  middle  awn  1  to  2  cm.  long,  the  lateral  awns  2  to  7  mm. 

This  species  is  an  annual  growing  in  dry,  sandy  soil,  and  sandy 
barrens. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Waite,  Sept.,  1888.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Pcpoon.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson  232;  Oquawka,  Tracy  in  1887. 
OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite,  Sept.,  1888.  ROCK  ISLAND  CO.  Barstow,  McDonald, 
Aug.,  1903 ;  Osborn,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1884.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Bren- 
del  in  1850. 

Aristida  desmantha  Trin.  and  Rupr. 
Western  Aristida  (Fig.  126) 

Culms  branched,  1  to  2  feet  tall ;  sheaths  loose,  smooth ;  blades  4  to 
8  inches  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide,  roughened  only  on  the  upper  surface ; 
panicle  4  to  8  inches  long,  about  half  as  wide,  the  branches  ascending ; 
glumes  shiny  brown,  about  equal,  15  to  20  mm.  long ;  lemma  shorter, 
the  awns  about  equal,  jointed  to  the- lemma,  reflexed  and  somewhat 
coiled  at  base  but  not  forming  a  spiral  column. 

This  species  belongs  to  the  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States. 
It  is  found  in  dry  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  MASON  CO.  Without  local- 
ity, M.  S.  Bebb  in  1861. 

Aristida  dichotoma  Michx. 
Poverty  Grass  (Fig.  128) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  569  (Plate  2,  Fig.  2);  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  280; 
Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  slender,  much  branched,  usually  branching  at  every  node, 
4  to  24  inches  tall;  sheaths  loose,  smooth;  blades  1  to  3  inches  long, 
1  to  2  mm.  wide,  involute;  panicles  spike-like,  2  to  6  inches  long; 
glumes  almost  equal,  7  to  8  mm.  lor  -  sharp-pointed ;  lemma  shorter, 


338 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


133 


Figs.  125-133. — Spikelets:  125,  A.  stricta;  126,  A.  dcsmantha;  127,  A. 
tuberculosa;  128,  A.  dichotoma;  129,  A.  gracilis;  130,  A.  ramossissima ;  131, 
A.  lasiramca;  132,  A.  pnrpura-scens ;  133,  A.  oligantha 


1018}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  339 

the  lateral  awns  much  reduced,  the  middle  awn  3  to  6  mm.  long,  finally 
coiled  at  the  base. 

These  plants  are  found  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil.  They  usually 
grow  in  quite  large  tufts. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861 ;  southern  Illinois,  Vasey. 
jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead  in  1842. 
MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  "Robertson,  July,  1882.  MENAED  co.  Athens,  Hall  in 
1S61.  PERRY  co.  Du  Quoin,  Vasey.  ST.  CLAIB  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 

Aristida  gracilis  Ell. 
Slender  Aristida.    Slender  Beard  Grass  (Fig.  129) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  571;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  slender,  branched  at  the  base,  6  to  20  inches  tall;  sheaths 
smooth,  blades  1  to  4  inches  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide,  usually  drying 
involute;  inflorescence  a  slender  raceme  or  spike-like  panicle,  2  to  6 
inches  long;  glumes  unequal,  the  second  equaling  the  lemma,  which 
is  about  6  mm.  long ;  lateral  awns  erect,  2  to  6  mm.  long,  median  awn 
spreading,  usually  about  10  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  seldom  found  in  very  large  tufts ;  often  the  plants 
occur  singly.  They  are  found  in  dry,  usually  sandy  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey.  FULTON  CO. 
Without  locality,  Brendel.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HENDER- 
SON co.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinvflle,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1880. 
MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall  in  1867.  ST.  CLAIR  CO.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  UNION 
co.  Without  locality,  French,  Sept.,  1878;  without  locality,  Wolf;  Anna,  Seymour, 
Aug.,  1880.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer. 

Aristida  oligantha  Michx. 
Few-flowered  Aristida  (Fig.  133) 

Michaux  '03,  41;  Lapham  '57,  545,  571;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281; 
Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  much  branched,  1  to  2  feet  tall;  sheaths  loose,  smooth; 
blades  1  to  6  inches  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide,  smooth,  usually  involute ; 
inflorescence  a  raceme  or  spike-like  panicle;  glumes  unequal  and 
awned ;  lemmas  20  to  30  mm.  long ;  awns  nearly  equal,  4  to  7  cm.  long. 

This  species  was  first  found  on  the  prairies  of  Illinois  by  Michaux. 
It  grows  in  dry  soil,  and  was  probably  the  commonest  species  of 
Aristida  on  the  original  prairies  of  the  state. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Mead.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Near  Cham- 
paign, Clinton,  Oct.,  1898.  CLINTON  co.  Carlyle,  Mead;  Shattuck,  Waite,  Aug., 
1897.  COOK  co.  Lyons,  Hill,  Aug.,  1898.  HANCOCK  CO.  Augusta,  Mead.  HEN- 
DERSON co.  Near  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1881.  JACKSON  co.  Without  local- 
ity, French,  Aug.,  1905.  MACOUPIN  CO.  Brighton,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1894;  Me- 
dora,  McDonald;  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1882.  MARION  CO.  Odin,  Vasey 
in  1862.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall.  PEORIA  co.  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase  1248. 
ROCK  ISLAND  co.  Barstow,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1904.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
fVelsch.  UNION  co.  Cobden,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880;  Anna,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880. 
WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer.  WASHINGTON  co.  Irvington,  French, 
Sept.,  1872. 


340  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 


Aristida  purpurascens  Poir. 
Purplish  Aristida  (Fig.  132) 


Aristida  geyeriana,  Lapham  '57,  545,  571.  Aristida  purpurascens,  Lapham 
'57,  545,  571;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  1  to  2.5  feet  tall,  smooth,  not  much  branched;  sheaths 
smooth ;  blades  4  to  8  inches  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide,  smooth,  sometimes 
flat  but  usually  involute;  panicle  spike-like,  purplish,  4  to  10  inches 
long;  glumes  unequal,  pointed,  10  to  12  mm.  long;  awns  1.5  to  3  cm. 
long,  the  middle  one  slightly  longer  than  the  lateral. 

This  species  is  a  perennial.  It  may  -usually  be  distinguished  by  its 
purplish  infloresence.  It  usually  grows  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  M.  8.  Bebb.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  Gates 
3260.  MASON  co.  Without  locality,  Vasey.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall,  1861.  ST. 
CLAIB  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel  in  1850. 

Aristida  ramosissima  Engelm. 
Branched  Aristida  (Fig.  130) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  569;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  6  to  24  inches  tall,  much  branched,  the  branches  spreading ; 
sheaths  loose,  smooth ;  blades  roughened  above,  usually  involute,  1  to 
3  inches  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide ;  glumes  unequal,  15  to  20  mm.  long, 
lateral  awns  very  small  an'd  erect,  the  central  awn  15  to  20  mm.  long 
with  a  semicircular  or  S-shaped  bend  at  the  base. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry  soil.    It  is  a  middle  western  species. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Seal  in  1862;  without  locality,  Vasey. 
MARION  co.  Odin,  Vasey.  MACOTJPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Without  locality,  Brendel;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  UNION  co.  Jonesboro,  Seymour, 
Aug.,  1880.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July,  1879 ;  without  locality, 
Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1877  and  Aug.,  1898;  Lick  Prairie,  Schneck, 
Aug.,  1878. 

Aristida  stricta  Michx. 

Erect  Aristida  (Fig.  125) 

Engelmann  '44,  103;  Lapham  '57,  545,  571;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78, 
281;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  2  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  8  to  12  inches  long, 
densely  pubescent,  almost  wooly  on  the  upper  surface  near  the  base, 
usually  involute ;  panicle  spike-like,  6  to  24  inches  long ;  glumes  about 
equal  or  the  first  longer  than  the  second,  awn-pointed;  lateral  awns 
usually  shorter  than  the  central  one,  which  is  1  to  2  cm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  diy  soil.  It  is  a  southern  species  closely 
resembling  A.  purpurascens,  but  is  taller  and  lacks  the  purplish  color. 

MASON  co.     Without  locality,  Mead,  Aug.,  1845. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS  341 

Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt. 
Sea-beach  Aristida  (Fig.  127) 

Aristida  tuberculata,  Lapham  '57,  545,  571.  A.  tuberculosa,  Patterson  '76, 
50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  141;  Huett  '97,  129;  McDonald  '00, 
103;  Gleason  '07,  182;  Gleason  '10,  148. 

Culms  6  to  20  inches  tall,  branched  at  the  base,  somewhat  swollen 
at  the  nodes ;  sheaths  loose,  smooth ;  blades  5  to  10  inches  long,  about 
2  mm.  wide,  rough  above;  panicle  open;  glumes  2.5  cm.  long,  with 
pointed  tips;  awns  jointed  to  the  lemma  and  twisted  at  base  into  a 
slender  column  nearly  as  long  as  the  lemma. 

This  species  is  most  commonly  found  along  the  southern  part  of 
the  Atlantic  coast.  It  is  also  found  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  in  the 
interior  wherever  there  are  sandy  areas. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Mead.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Edbcock, 
July,  1870.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka, 
Patterson,  Sept.,  1872.  LEE  co.  Dixon,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1882.  MASON  co.  With- 
out locality,  M.  S.  Bell)  in  1861;  without  locality,  Hall  in  1861  and  Sept.,  1876. 
UNION  co.  Cobden,  Waite,  Sept.,  1884. 

21.  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb. 

This  genus  has  one-flowered  spikelets  which  in  Illinois  species  are, 
with  one  exception,  borne  in  very  narrow  panicles.  The  glumes  are 
thin  and  usually  sharp-pointed  or  awned.  The  lemma  is  also  pointed 
or  awned  and  incloses  the  grain,  thus  differing  from  the  nearly  related 
genus  Sporobolus,  in  which  the  grain  is  free.  The  awns  are  variable 
even  in  the  same  individual  and  do  not  afford  good  characters  for  the 
separation  of  species.  There  is  a  short,  usually  hairy  callus  at  the 
base  of  the  lemma.  Many  of  the  species  have  long,  scaly  rootstocks. 
All  Illinois  species  are  perennial.  The  leaves  are  mostly  long  and  nar- 
row and  the  ligule  is  short  and  membranous. 

The  species  of  Muhlenbergia  are  of  little  economic  importance.  It 
is  said  that  the  species  which  inhabit  damp  ground  are  useful  for  hay 
if  cut  before  the  stems  become  hard,  but  most  of  the  species  grow  in 
waste  places  and  are  usually  looked  upon  as  weeds.  The  long  root- 
stocks  make  them  somewhat  difficult  to  destroy;  thoro  cultivation 
is  the  only  method  of  eradication  recommended.  M.  mexicana,  foliosa, 
and  racemosa  are  the  only  species  likely  to  cause  trouble  in  this  state. 

a.     Glumes  minute,  always  less  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  spikelet,  the 
first  glume  often  wanting.  M.  schreberi 

aa.     Glumes  always  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 

b.     Plants  never  from  long,  scaly  rootstocks;  leaves  elongate  and  very  nar- 
row, usually  involute. 

c.     Panicle  open,  with  long,  spreading  branches ;  spikelets  on  long,  capil- 
lary pedicels;  glumes  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  lemma. 

M.  capillaris 

cc.     Panicle  narrow  and  spike-like;  spikelets  nearly  sessile;  glumes  nearly 
as  long  as  the  lemma,  at  least  two-thirds  its  length.      M.  cuspidata 
bb.     Plants  always  from  long,  scaly  rootstocks;  leaves  not  elongate,  seldom 
becoming  involute. 


312  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

c.  Glumes  awned,  always  considerably  longer  than  the  lemma,  sometimes 
nearly  twice  its  length;  panicle  usually  compact,  resembling  an 
interrupted  spike.  M.  racemosa 

cc.     Glumes  seldom  awned,  usually  not  longer  than  the  lemma,  but  some- 
times slightly  longer;  panicles  usually  slender. 

d.     Glumes  always  shorter  than  the  lemma,  never  more  than  three- 
fourths  its  length,  broad  at  base;  leaf -blades  spreading. 
e.     Lemma  awnless  or  short-awned;  spikelets  1.5  to  2  mm.  long; 
nodes  not  pubescent;  culms  not  densely  short  pubescent. 

M.  so'bolifera 

ee.     Lemma  long-awned;   spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long;   nodes  pu- 
bescent; culms  densely  short  pubescent.          M.  tenuiflora 
dd.     Glumes  about  equal  in  length  to  the  lemma,  sometimes  longer, 

very  narrow  at  the  base ;  leaf -blades  erect,  or  nearly  so. 
e.    Culms  smooth  and  shiny  below  the  nodes,  never  covered  with 
fine  hairs.  M.  mexioana 

ee.     Culms  with  very  short,  fine  hairs  for  an  inch  or  two  below  the 

nodes. 

f.     Callus  without   hairs.  M.  glabriflora 

ff.     Callus  with  hairs  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 

lemma, 
g.     Panicles  f ew- flowered ;  lemma  usually  long-awned. 

M.  umbrosa 
gg.     Panicles  densely  flowered;  lemma  not  awned. 

M,  foliosa 

Muhlenbergia*  capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin. 
Long-awned  Hair  Grass  (Fig.  136) 

Culms  growing  in  tufts,  1.5  to  3  feet  tall,  usually  smooth;  sheaths 
smooth,  short  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  and  often  overlapping,  but 
longer  near  the  summit;  blades  4  to  12  inches  long,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
usually  involute;  panicle  spreading,  with  long,  capillary  branches, 
spikelets,  excluding  the  awn,  3.5  to  4  mm.  long,  on  long,  capillary 
pedicels,  which  are  thickened  near  the  base  of  the  spikelet;  glumes 
about  half  as  long  as  the  awned  lemma ;  awn  5  to  18  mm.  long ;  callus 
hairs  very  short. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry  soil.  So  far  only  one  specimen  has 
been  seen  from  Illinois.  The  panicle  is  usually  purple. 

UNION  co.    Without  locality,  Seymour  in  1881. 

Muhlenbergia  cuspidata  (Torr.)  Rydb. 
(Fig.  137) 

Culms  in  tufts,  1  to  2  feet  tall,  very  slender,  smooth ;  sheaths  and 
blades  smooth;  blades  4  to  10  inches  long,  very  narrow,  usually  in- 
volute; panicle  very  slender,  few-flowered;  spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long, 
the  glumes  with  a  cusp  or  short  awn  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
lemma ;  callus  hairs  wanting. 

This  species  is  described  in  Gray's  Manual  (seventh  edition)  as 
Sporobolus  brevifolius  (Nutt.)  Scribn.  It  is  found  in  dry  places.  The 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  343 

only  Illinois  specimens  seen  were  collected  on  dry,  gravelly  hills,  or  on 
limestone  rocks  on  a  river  bank. 

WILL  co.  Joliet,  Hill  185  in  1906;  bank  of  Du  Page  river,  Bird's  Bridge, 
Sill  36  in  1912. 

Muhlenbergia  foliosa  Trin. 

(Fig.  138) 

Culms  2  to  3  feet  long,  often  bent  near  the  base  and  lying  on  the 
ground,  branched  above  the  base,  the  branches  erect,  one  or  two  inches 
of  surface  below  the  nodes  covered  with  very  fine,  short  hairs ;  sheaths 
smooth;  blades  rough  to  the  touch,  1.5  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  5  mm. 
wide ;  panicles  well  beyond  the  uppermost  sheath,  usually  rather  thick, 
campactly  flowered;  spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long,  the  glumes  nearly 
or  quite  equal  to  the  lemma ;  callus  covered  with  soft  hairs  nearly  half 
as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

This  species  closely  resembles  M .  mexicana  in  general  appearance 
and  habit.  M .  foliosa  can  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  minute  hairs 
on  the  culm  just  below  the  nodes.  The  panicles  vary  greatly  in  width. 
The  narrower  panicles  resemble  those  of  M.  umbrosa,  which  has  long- 
awned  lemmas.  There  is  an  awned  form  of  M.  foliosa,  but  no  speci- 
mens of  it  were  found  among  the  Illinois  collections.  The  plants  are 
usually  found  in  damp  meadows  and  swamps.  Most  of  the  herbarium 
specimens  were  labeled  M.  mexicana  filiformis. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Ball.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, Burrill,  Oct.,  1877;  Champaign,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1895.  FULTON  co.  Without 
locality,  Wolf  in  1881.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Bluffs  of  Apple  river,  Pepoon  611. 
KANKAKEE  co.  Waldron,  Hill,  Sept.,  1873.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason, 
Aug.,  1879.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  PIATT  CO.  White  Heath,  Mosher.  Oct., 
1914.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1268.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels,  Sept., 
1904.  WINNEBAGO  co.  Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Bebb. 

Muhlenbergia  glabriflora  Scribn. 
(Fig.  139) 

This  species  is  very  much  like  M.  foliosa  in  general  appearance. 
The  culms  are  simple  for  nearly  half  their  length,  then  branch  pro- 
fusely and  bear  numerous  panicles,  often  partially  included  in  the 
upper  sheaths,  more  typically  cylindrical  than  in  M.  foliosa.  The 
spikelets  are  of  about  the  same  size,  but  the-  callus  bears  no  hairs, 
making  it  very  easy  to  distinguish  the  species.  The  leaf  blades  are 
generally  shorter  than  in  M.  foliosa.  The  plants  are  found  in  woods 
and  other  shady  places. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville, 
Andrews,  Sept.,  1898.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall  in  1868.  ST.  GLAIR  co.  Mas- 
coutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Aug.,  1898  and  1899. 


344 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


137 


135  "136  138  141 

Figs.  135-145. — 135,  M.  mexicana,  inflorescence;  136,  M.  capillaris,  spikelet; 
137,  M.  cuspidata,  spikelet;  138,  M.  foliosa,  spikelet;  139,  M.  glabrifiora,  spike- 
let;  140,  M.  mexicana,  spikelet;  141,  M.  soibolifera,  spikelet;  142,  M.  racemosa; 
143,  M.  schreberi,  spikelet;  144,  M.  tenwflora,  spikelet;  145,  M.  umbrosa,  spikelet 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana  (L.)  Trin. 
Meadow  Muhlenbergia.    Mexican  Drop-seed  (Figs.  135  and  140) 

Agrostis  lateriflora,  Michaux  '03,  53.  Muhlenbergia  mexicana,  Lapham  '57, 
545,  566;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63; 
Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  141;  Huett  '97,  129. 

Culms  2  to  4  feet  long,  often  branching  at  the  base,  lying  on  the 
ground  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  the  remainder  erect,  always 
smooth ;  blades  rough  to  the  touch,  2  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide ; 
panicles  numerous,  usually  narrowed  toward  the  tip,  often  partially 
inclosed  in  the  upper  sheath;  spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long;  glumes  awn- 
pointed  or  with  a  short  awn,  about  as  long  as  the  lemma. 

This  species  is  common  in  fields,  gardens,  and  in  waste  places.  It 
is  a  troublesome  weed  in  some  places.  It  is  recommended  that  the  areas 
containing  this  weed  be  thoroly  cultivated  and  the  rootstocks  exposed 
to  the  sun. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Brendel  in  1873;  without  locality, 
Mead;  without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Gates,  Oct.,  1907;  Ur- 
bana,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898;  Champaign,  Mosher,  Sept.,  1914;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Sept., 
1914.  COOK  co.  Wolf  lake,  Hill,  Sept.,  1892.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pe- 
poon;  Canton,  Wolf.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Bluffs  of  Apple  river,  Pepoon.  KANKAKEE 
co.  Kankakee,  Crampton,  Sept.,  1913.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria, 
McDonald,  Sept.,  1900.  ST.  CLAIE  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  SANGAMON  co. 
Springfield,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1861.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase,  Aug., 
1893.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels,  Sept.,  1904.  WABASH  CO.  Without  locality, 
Schneck,  Sept.,  1880;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneclc,  Sept.,  1897. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  345 

Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P. 
Marsh  Muhlenbergia.    Wild  Timothy  (Fig.  142) 

Agrostis  racemosa,  Michaux  '03,  53.  Muhlenbergia  glomerata,  Lapham  '57, 
545,  566;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Patterson  '87,  63; 
Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  141. 

Culms  smooth,  often  much  branched,  1  to  3  feet  tall,  erect,  with  fine 
short  pubescence  below  the  nodes ;  sheaths  smooth,  blades  usually  rough 
to  the  touch,  2  to  5  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide ;  panicles  dense  and 
spike-like;  spikelets  4  to  6  mm.  long,  the  glumes  always  awned  and 
considerably  longer  than  the  lemma,  sometimes  almost  twice  as  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  wet  places,  such  as  swamps  and  bogs. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1895.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta, 
Mead.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1872.  KANE  co.  Elgin, 
Sherff  1946.  LAKE  co.  Cedar  lake,  Lake  Villa,  Gleason  and  Shobe  128 ;  Sun  lake, 
Lake  Villa,  Gleason  and  Shobe  200.  MCHENRY  co.  Eingwood,  Vasey.  MADISON 
co.  East  Alton,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall  in  1866. 
OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite,  Sept.,  1885.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Princeville, 
V.  H.  Chase  940.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1943.  WINNEBAGO  co. 
Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1873. 

Muhlenbergia  schreberi  J.  F.  Gmel. 
Dropseed.    Nimble  Will  (Fig.  143) 

Dilepyrum  minutiflorum,  Michaux  '03,  40.  Muhlenbergia  difrusa,  Lapham 
'57,  545,  567;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Huett  '97,  129. 
Muhlenbergia  schreberi,  Gleason  '12,  41. 

Culm  smooth,  much  branched,  the  basal  part  usually  lying  on  the 
ground  and  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  the  ends  erect;  sheaths  loose, 
smooth;  blades  rough,  1.5  to  3.5  inches  long,  1  to  4  mm.  wide;  panicles 
numerous,  slender,  densely  flowered;  spikelets,  excluding  the  awn 
about  2  mm.  long,  the  first  glume  nearly  obsolete,  the  second  very 
small,  the  lemma  awned. 

This  species  grows  in  dry  places. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Gibbs;  Urbana,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1895;  Champaign,  Percival,  Oct.,  1876;  Urbana, 
Gates,  Sept.,  1907.  COOK  co.  Evanston,  Shipman,  Sept.,  1875;  Chicago  Heights, 
A.  Chase,  Sept.,  1897;  Palos  Park,  Umbach,  Sept.,  1909.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale, 
Smith,  Sept.,  1902;  Naperville,  Umbach,  Sept.,  1898.  FULTON  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Pepoon;  Canton,  Wolf,  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HENDER- 
SON co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1873.  LAKE  co.  Eiver  Forest,  Hill,  Aug., 
1890.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Sobertson,  Aug.,  1882.  OGLE  co.  Oregon, 
Waite,  Aug.,  1884.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900. 
RANDOLPH  co.  Bremen,  Hill,  Aug.,  1892.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 
STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1270,  1165,  1277.  WABASH  co.  Without 
locality,  Schneck,  July,  1900;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck, 
Sept.,  1904.  WILL  co.  Mokena,  Chase;  Joliet,  STceels,  Sept.,  1904. 


346  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Muhlenbergla  sobolifera  (Muhl.)  Trin. 
Rock  Muhlenbergia  (Fig.  141) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  566;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63; 
Higley  and  Kaddin  '91,  141. 

Culms  smooth,  erect  or  nearly  so,  1  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ; 
blades  rough,  shorter  011  the  culm,  1  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide ; 
panicles  long  and  very  slender ;  spikelcts  1.5  to  2.5  mm.  long,  the  glumes 
sharp-pointed  and  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  lemma. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  rocky  woods. 

FULTON  CO.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pe- 
poon.  MACOUPIN  CO.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1882.  MENARD  CO.  Athens, 
Stall  in  1869.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality, 
Schneck,  Oct.,  1881;  Mt.  Cannel,  SchnecJc,  Sept.,  1897. 

Muhlenbergia  temiiflora  (Wiild.)  B.  S.  P. 
Slender  Muhlenbergia  (Fig.  144) 

Muhlenbergia  willdenowii,  Lapham  '57,  545,  566  (Plate  1,  Fig.  9) ;  Babcock 
'73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Baddin 
'91,  141. 

Culms  simple  or  very  sparingly  branched,  covered  with  fine,  short 
hairs  which  point  downwards ;  nodes  pubescent ;  sheaths  generally  with 
a  few  very  fine  hairs  at  least  near  the  edges,  usually  shorter  than  the 
internodes ;  blades  rough,  2.5  to  8  inches  long,  2  to  8  mm.  wide ;  panicles 
long  and  slender  but  rather  densely  flowered;  spikelets  3  to  4  mm. 
long,  glumes  unequal,  one-half  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  lemma, 
which  bears  an  awn  2  to  4  times  the  length  of  the  body. 

This  species  has  the  broadest  leaves  of  any  of  the  genus  found  in 
Illinois.     They  are  usually  horizontally  spreading.     It  resembles  M. . 
sobolifera  more  than  any  other  species,  but  the  larger  spikelets  and 
hairy  culms  easily  distinguish  it.     The  plants  grow  in  rocky  woods 
and  other  shady  places. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour  and  Waite,  July,  1886.  COOK  CO.  Palos 
Park,  Umbach,  Aug.,  1909.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  JO  DAVIESS 
co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  KANE  co.  Elgin,  Vasey.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kan- 
kakee,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald, 
Sept.,  1902;  Glasford,  Wilcox,  Aug.,  1902.  WABASH  CO.  Mt.  Carxnel,  SchnecJc  in 
1879;  Hanging  Bock,  SchnecTc,  Sept.,  1904. 

Muhlenbergia  umbrosa  Scribn. 
Wood  Muhlenbergia  (Fig.  145) 

Muhlenbergia  sylvatica,  Lapham  '57,  545,  566;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson 
'76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Baddin  '91,  141;  Huett 
'97,  129. 

Culms  usually  much  branched,  1  to  3  feet  tall,  with  very  fine,  short 
hairs  below  the  nodes;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  rough,  2  to  7  inches 
long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide ;  panicles  long  and  very  narrow,  few-flowered ; 
spikelets,  excluding  the  awn,  2.5  to  3  mm.  long,  glumes  awn-pointed 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  347 

or  slightly  awned,  shorter  than  the  lemma,  which  bears  an  awn  usually 
6  to  12  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  moist  woods.  It  is  much  like  M.  foliosa 
and  M.  glabriflora  in  general  appearance,  but  may  be  distinguished  by 
the  slender,  few-flowered  panicle  and  by  a  long-awned  lemma.  In  rare 
instances  a  short-awned  form  was  found  among  Illinois  specimens. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf  in  1882.  CARROLL  co.  Mt. 
Carroll,  Shimer,  Oct.,  1891.  DU  PAGE  co.  Wheaton,  Moffatt,  Sept.,  1892.  FULTON 
co.  Canton,  Wolf.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  and  Oct.,  1913. 
MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall;  Athens,  Hall  in  1874.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria, 
Brendel;  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase,  Oct.,  1900.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 
STARK  co.  Near  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase,  Sept.,  1906.  WABASH  co.  Without 
locality,  Shearer;  Hanging  Eock,  Sclmeclc,  Sept.,  1900. 

22.    BRACHYELYTRUM   Beauv. 

This  genus  includes  a  single  species  in  which  the  plants  are  peren- 
nial from  short  rootstocks.  The  culms  are  tall  and  slender  and  the 
blades  rather  short  and  broad.  The  ligules  are  membranous,  from  1 
to  2  mm.  long,  the  margin  irregular.  The  inflorescence  is  a  very  nar- 
row, few-flowered  panicle.  The  spikelets  are  one-flowered,  the  glumes 
very  minute  or  obsolete,  and  the  lemma  is  awned. 

Brachyelytrum  erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv. 
Bearded  Short  Husk  (Figs.  146  and  147) 

Brachyelytrum  aristatum,  Lapham.'57,  545,  567  (Plate  1,  Fig.  10) ;  Patterson 
'76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  142. 

Culms  erect,  unbranched,  densely  pubescent  at  and  near  the  nodes ; 
sheaths  with  a  few  hairs,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  blades  3  to  5 
inches  long,  6  to  18  mm.  wide,  rough  to  the  touch ;  spikelets,  excluding 
the  awns,  10  mm.  long,  rough,  and  slightly  pubescent. 

This  grass  is  found  in  shady  places,  usually  in  damp,  rocky  woods. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Mead;  without  locality,  Vasey;  south- 
ern Illinois,  Brendel.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Butts  and  Seymour,  June,  1880. 
COOK  co.  Palos  Park,  Umbach,  Aug.,  1909;  Glencoe,  Johnson,  Sept.,  1890.  FUL- 
TON co.  Canton,  Wolf,  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Along  Apple  river,  Pepoon  691.  HEN- 
DERSON co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Aug.,  1872.  LA  SALLE  co.  Near  Starved  Kock, 
A.  Chase,  July,  1901;  Starved  Eock,  Hill  138  in  1901.  PEORIA  co.  Glasford,  Wil- 
cox,  July,  1902;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Springdale,  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1890.  POPE 
co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July,  1898.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  VERMILION 
co.  Danville,  Waite,  June,  1886.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July, 
1905;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1886;  Hanging  Eock,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1904  and 
Aug.,  1879. 

23.  HELEOCHLOA  Host 

This  grass,  which  has  been  sparingly  introduced  into  this  country, 
is  a  native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  It  grows  in  small  bunches.  The  spike- 
like  panicles  have  the  general  appearance  of  Phleum  pratense,  our 
common  timothy  or  herd's  grass.  The  panicles  are  partially  included 
in  the  enla-rged  upper  sheaths.  The  spikelets  are  one-flowered,  the 


348 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


glumes,  lemma,  and  palea  are  all  of  the  same  texture.  The  glumes  are 
flattened  and  keeled,  with  a  row  of  stout  hairs  along  the  keel.  The 
blades  are  short  and  narrow ;  the  ligule  is  composed  of  a  ring  of  short 
hairs. 


149 


146 


148 


150 


147 


Figs.  146-150. — 146,  B.  erectum,  inflorescence;  147,  B.  erectum,  spikelet; 
148,  H.  schoenoides,  inflorescence;  149,  H.  scho&noides,  spikelet;  150,  P.  pratense, 
spikelet 

Heleochloa  schoenoides  (L.)  Host 
Rush  Cat-tail  Grass  (Figs.  148  and  149) 

Culms  smooth,  4  to.  18  inches  tall,  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  the  upper  sheaths  enlarged;  blades  1  to  3  inches  long, 
sharp-pointed,  rather  rough  on  the  upper  surface;  panicle  1  to  1.5 
inches  long;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long. 

This  grass  has  not  been  reported  from  many  localities  in  Illinois. 
It  is  found  in  waste  places. 

COOK  co.  Blue  Island,  Robert  Bebb,  Aug.,  1902  and  1903;  Chicago,  Somes, 
Aug.,  1909.  ST.  CLAIR  CO.  East  St.  Louis,  Eggert,  Aug.,  1893. 

24.   PHLEUM  L. 

Cat-tail  Grass 

The  native  species  of  this  genus  (P.  alpinum)  does  not  occur  in 
Illinois,  being  found  only  on  high  mountains  or  in  the  arctic  regions 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  349 

of  the  continent.  The  introduced  species,  P.  pratense,  is  cultivated 
everywhere  in  the  state  for  hay.  It  is  a  perennial  grass,  growing  in 
tufts,  with  long,  cylindrical,  spike-like  panicles.  The  spikelets  are  onq- 
flowered,  flattened,  and  closely  crowded.  The  lemma  is  thinner  than 
the  glumes  and  transparent.  The  leaves  are  long  and  flat,  the  ligules 
membranous,  from  2  to  3  mm.  long. 

Phleum  pratense  L. 
Timothy.    Herd's  Grass  (Fig.  150) 

Culms  1.5  to  3.5  feet  tall,  erect,  smooth,  enlarged,  and  bulbous  at 
base  ;•  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  3  to  12  inches  long,  4  to  6  mm.  wide ; 
spikelets  2  to  5  mm.  long,  usually  3  mm. ;  glumes  keeled  and  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  lemma,  the  midnerve  produced  into  a  short  awn  1 
to  2  mm.  long. 

This  species  grows  in  meadows  all  over  the  state. 

25.  ALOPECURUS  L. 
Foxtail  Grass 

This  genus  includes  plants  with  the  inflorescence  in  spike-like  pan- 
icles which  somewhat  resemble  timothy,  or  herd's  grass,  PJileum  pra- 
tense. The  spikelets  are  one-flowered,  flattened,  with  keeled  glumes. 
The  lemma  is  thin  and  transparent  and  bears  an  awn  near  the  base. 
There  are  two  species  commonly  found  in  Illinois.  A  third  species,  A 
pratensis,  is  mentioned  by  Lapham,  Patterson,  Flagg,  and  Huett  as 
having  been  cultivated  in  Illinois.  No  Illinois  specimens  have  been 
seen,  however,  except  from  the  University  experimental  plots.  It  is 
included  in  the  key,  so  that  if  any  specimens  are  found,  they  may  be 
identified. 

Spikelets  4  to  6  mm.  in  length.  A.  pratensis 

Spikelets  never  more  than  3  mm.  in  length. 

Awn  scarcely  exceeding  the  spikelet  and  not  extending  over  1  mm.  beyond  it; 

spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long.  A.  aristulatus 

Awn  exceeding  the  spikelet  by  the  length  of  the  glume  or  more;  spikelets  2 

mm.  long.  A.  geniculatus 

Alopecums  aristulatus  Michx. 
Wild  Water  Foxtail.    Floating  Foxtail  (Fig.  154) 

Alopecums  aristulatus,  Lapham  '57,  544,  562  (Plate  1,  Fig.  3) ;  Flagg  '78, 
280.  Alopecums  geniculatus  var.  aristulatus,  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin 
'91,  142;  Huett  '97,  129. 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall,  usually  erect; 
sheaths  smooth ;  blades  roughened,  1  to  6  inches  long,  1  to  4  mm.  wide ; 
spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  the  awn  very  short,  not  extending  beyond 
the  panicle. 


350 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


This  species  is  described  by  earlier  writers  as  being  native  to 
Illinois,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  on  this  point.  It  grows  in 
the  water  along  the  edges  of  ponds  and  streams  or  in  very  wet  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  lakes  in  Illinois,  Eggcrt,  July, 
1878.  COOK  co.  Winnetka,  Johnson,  May,  1889;  Engelwood,  Umbach,  July, 
1898.  DU  PAGE  co.  Glen  Ellyn,  Moffatt,  May,  1894.  FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf. 
LAKE  co.  Gilmer,  Gates,  July,  1907.  MCHENRY  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel. 
MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall,  June,  1865.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR 
co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 


161 


152 


153 


154 


Figs.  151-154.— 151,  A.  geniculatus,  inflorescence;  152,  A.  pratensis,  spike- 
let;  153,  A.  geniculatus,  spikelet;  154,  A.  aristulatus,  spikelet 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  L. 
Marsh  Foxtail  (Figs.  151  and  153) 

Lapham  '57,  544,  562;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall,  slender,  smooth,  the  base  usually 
lying  along  the  ground,  the  ends  erect;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  rough- 
ened, 1  to  6  inches  long,  1  to  4  mm.  wide;  panicles  with  a  somewhat 
furry  appearance  due  to  the  slender  awns ;  spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long, 
the  awn  slightly  bent,  usually  about  twice  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 

This  species  was  introduced  from  Europe.  It  is  found  in  wet  soil, 
especially  in  marshes  and  along  the  banks  of  ponds  and  streams. 

COOK  co.  Englewood,  Umbach,  July,  1898.  DU  PAGE  co.  Glen  Ellyn,  Hill, 
May,  1894.  EFFINGHAM  co.  Edgewood,  Holdcn,  May,  1898.  HENDERSON  co. 
Oquawka,  Patterson.  LAKE  co.  Lake  Forest,  Jensen,  May,  1895;  Lake  Zurich, 
Hill,  June,  1899.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Eobertson,  May,  1884.  MCLEAN  co. 
Bloomington,  Burrill,  May,  1894.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham;  Salem, 
M.  S.  Bel)b  in  1860;  Salem,  Hall.  MENARD  CO.  Athens,  Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA 
co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1890.  PULASKI  co.  Beechwood, 
Spencer,  May,  1900.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  East  St.  Louis,  Eggert,  June,  1887;  Mascou- 
tah. Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  471, 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  351 

26.   SPOROBOLUS  R.  Br. 
Dropseed.    Rush  Grass 

The  species  of  this  genus  found  in  Illinois  are  all  native  to  the 
state  and  include  both  annuals  and  perennials.  They  all  grow  in  dry 
soil  and  nearly  all  have  narrow,  involute,  pointed  leaves.  The  ligules 
are  membranous,  from  1  to  3  mm.  long.  The  spikelets  are  one-flowered 
and  the  fruit  is  not  inclosed  by  the  lemma,  but  is  free  and  usually  falls 
out  as  soon  as  ripe. 

a.     Panicle  diffuse,  branches  capillary.  S.  asperifolius 

aa.     Panicle  not  diffuse,  branches  slender  but  not  capillary. 

b.     Glumes  very  unequal;  panicle  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  panicle 

not  spike-like  (except  secondary  panicles  in  autumn), 
c.     Sheaths  not  bearded  at  the  summit;  spikelets  4  to  6  mm.  long. 

S.  heterolepis 

cc.     Sheaths  conspicuously  bearded   at  the  summit;    spikelets   2.5   to   3 
mm.  long.  S.  cryptandrus 

bb.     Glumes  nearly  equal;  panicle  contracted,  more  or  less  spike-like. 

c.  Sheaths  much  enlarged  and  always  inclosing  the  lateral  panicles, 
sometimes  the  terminal  ones;  blades  short,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
sheaths. 

d.     Spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long;  lemma  not  pubescent.      S.  neglectus 
dd.     Spikelets  3.5  to  4  mm.  long ;  lemma  pubescent.      S.  vaginaefiorus 
cc.     Sheaths  never  enlarged,  except  the  upper  which  often  partially  in- 
closes the  panicle ;  blades  long,  very  much  longer  than  the  sheaths, 
always  very  narrow  and  involute ;  plants  perennial, 
d.     Spikelets  5  mm.   or  more  long;    panicles   densely  flowered  and 

usually  included  in  the  enlarged  upper  sheaths, 
e.     Lemma  and  palea  pubescent  at  the  base. 

f.     Palea  with  a  long  sharp  point;  lemma  about  two-thirds 

the  length  of  the  palea.  S.  clandestinus 

ff.     Palea  acute  but  not  with  a  long  sharp  point,  and  only 

slightly  longer  than  the  lemma.  S.  canovirens 

ee.     Lemma  and  palea  never  pubescent  at  base,  but  always  smooth 

and  polished.  S.  asper 

dd.     Spikelets  never  more  than  4  mm.  long;  panicles  loosely  flowered 

and  not  included  in  the  upper  sheath.  S.  drummondii 

Sporobolus  asper  (Michx.)  Kunth 
Long-leaved  Rush  Grass  (Fig.  155) 

Sporobolus  longifolius,  Britton  '07,  105. 

Culms  1.5  to  4  feet  tall,  smooth;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  4  to  18 
inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  flat  at  base  but  soon  becoming  involute, 
smooth  on  the  under  surface,  rough  on  the  upper,  and  with  long  hairs 
near  the  base ;  panicle  partially  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  3  to  9 
inches  long,  about  half  an  inch  wide ;  spikelets  5  to  6  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry,  usually  sandy  soil.  S.  drummondii 
closely  resembles  this  species,  but  it  has  smaller  spikelets,  narrower 
and  less  dense  panicles  which  are  usually  not  inclosed  in  the  sheath. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf  in  1882.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  With- 
out locality,  Seymour,  Oct.,  1880;  St.  Joseph,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1895;  Champaign, 
Clinton,  Oct.,  1895;  Urbana,  Gates,  Oct.,  1907.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Umbach,  Sept., 


352 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


1898.  HENDERSON  go.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Eobert- 
son,  Sept.,  1882.  MENARD  CO.  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA  co.  Peo- 
ria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900  and  1901;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Princeville,  F.  H.  Chase 
1180.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co. 
F.  H.  Chase  820.  WABASH  co.  Hanging  Eock,  SchnecTc,  Sept.,  1878.  WILL  co. 
Joliet,  STceels,  Sept.,  1904. 


155  156 


160  161   162  163   164 


Figs.  155-164. — 155,  S.  asper,  spikelet;  156,  S.  asperifolius,  spikelet;  157, 
S.  canovirens,  spikelet;  158;  S.  clandestinus,  spikelet;  159,  S.  cryptandrus,  spike- 
let;  160,  S.  drummondii,  inflorescence;  161,  S.  drummondU,  spikelet;  162,  S. 
heterolepis,  spikelet;  163,  S.  neglectus,  spikelet;  164,  S.  vaginaeflorus,  spikelet 

Sporobolus  asperifolius  (Nees  &  Meyen)  Thurb. 
Kough-leaved  Dropseed  (Fig.  156) 

Culms  6  to  18  inches  tall,  smooth,  erect  from  a  long  rootstock; 
sheaths  short,  smooth ;  blades  flat,  short,  and  pointed,  very  numerous 
near  the  base  of  the  plant,  1  to  3  inches  long,  2  to  3  mm.  wide,  very 
rough  on  the  upper  surface,  smooth  beneath ;  panicle  spreading,  3  to  7 
inches  long  and  about  half  as  wide,  the  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  on  long, 
capillary  pedicels,  rarely  2-  or  3-flowered. 

This  is  a  western  species  and  has  been  reported  only  once  from  Illi- 
nois. It  is  found  in  dry  soil. 

KANE  co.     Elgin,  along  railway  track,  Sherff,  Aug.,  1912. 

Sporobolus  canovirens  Nash 
(Fig.  157) 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall,  smooth ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  narrow  and 
involute  except  at  base,  4  to  18  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  with  long 
hairs  at  the  base;  panicle  2  to  4  inches  long,  less  than  half  an  inch 
wide,  partially  included  in  the  upper  sheath ;  spikelets  about  6  mm. 
long,  lemma,  and  palea  slightly  pubescent  at  base. 

This  species  is  found  in  sandy  soil.  In  general  appearance  it 
resembles  both  S.  clandestinus  and  S.  asper. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf  in  1882.  FULTON  co.  Canton, 
Wolf.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS  353 

Sporobolus  clandestinus  (Spreng.)  Hitchc. 
Rough  Rush  Grass  (Fig.  158) 

Agrostis  aspera,  Michaux  '03,  52.  Vilfa  aspera,  Lapham  '57,  544,  563;  Pat- 
terson '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63.  Sporobolus  asper,  Huett  '97, 
129;  McDonald  '00,  103. 

Culms  2  to  5  feet  tall,  smooth;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  long,  nar- 
row, involute  except  at  the  base,  3  to  15  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide ; 
panicle  2  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide ;  spikelets  6  to  8  mm.  long, 
the  lemma  pubescent  near  the  base. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry  and  sandy  soil.  It  is  distinguished  by 
the  exceedingly  long,  pointed  palea. 

COOK  CO.  Leydon,  Gates.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900  and 
1901. 

Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gray 
Sand  Dropseed  (Fig.  159) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  564;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  88; 
Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  142;  Huett  '97,  129;  Gleason  '07,  182;  Gleason  '10,  148; 
Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  smooth,  1  to  2  feet  tall;  sheaths  short,  smooth,  with  con- 
spicuous long  hairs  at  the  throat;  blades  short,  flat,  rough  on  the 
upper  surface,  mostly  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  2  to  5  inches 
long,  3  to  5  mm.  wide ;  panicle  open,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  com- 
mon redtop,  in  autumn  contracted  and  partly  included  in  the  sheath ; 
spikelets  usually  dark  colored,  2  to  2.5  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  very  common  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  and 
thruout  the  sand  areas  of  the  state. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey ;  Canteen  lake,  Eggert,  Sept., 
1886.  CASS  co.  Beardstown,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Vasey; 
Chicago,  Babcook,  Oct.,  1874;  Evanston,  Johnston,  Sept.,  1886;  Chicago,  Lansing 
371;  Lake  View,  Chicago,  Umbach,  Sept.,  1898;  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  A.  Chase, 
Aug.,  1899;  Evanston,  Sherff,  July,  1911.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson 
in  1881.  LAKE  co.  Beach  Area,  Gates  3255.  LA  SALLE  co.  Ottawa,  Seymour. 
MASON  co.  Manito,  Wilcox,  July,  1902;  Havana,  Gleason,  Aug.;  1903.  OGLE  co. 
Oregon,  Waite,  Sept.,  1880.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Eggert,  Oct.,  1886. 

Sporobolus  drummondii  (Trin.)  Vasey 
(Figs.  160  and  161) 

Culms  1  to  2.5  feet  tall,  smooth ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  long  and 
narrow,  flat  at  base,  involute  at  tip,  3  to  15  inches  long,  upper  surface 
rough,  sometimes  pubescent  near  the  base,  but  usually  smooth ;  panicle 
seldom  included  in  an  inflated  upper  sheath,  3  to  6  inches  long,  very 
slender,  loosely  flowered,  always  less  than  half  an  inch  wide ;  spikelets 
4  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  considerably  smaller  than  S.  asper,  which  it  closely 
resembles. 

ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WILL  co.  Gougar  's  Prairie,  Joliet,  STceels, 
Sept.,  1904. 


354  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Sporobolus  heterolepis  Gray 
Northern  Dropseed  (Fig.  162) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  563  (Plate  1,  Fig.  6) ;  Babcoek  '73,  96;  Patterson  '76,  49; 
Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  142;  Huett  '97,  129; 
Gleason  '10,  148;  Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall,  smooth,  erect;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  long 
and  narrow,  rough  on  the  upper  surface ;  panicles  3  to  10  inches  long, 
the  branches  often  spreading,  but  sometimes  erect ;  spikelets  4  to  6  mm. 
long,  the  first  glume  very  .much  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  long- 
pointed  second  glume. 

This  species  is  very  distinct  and  hence  is  not  likely  to  be  mistaken 
for  any  other.  It  is  found  in  dry  soil.  On  the  original  prairies  of  the 
state  it  was  abundant. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1859  and  1868;  with- 
out locality,  Vasey;  without  locality,  Mead;  without  locality,  Hall  in  1875. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1895;  Champaign,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1895. 
COOK  co.  Englewood,  Hill,  Sept.,  1875.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Sept., 
1902.  FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf;  Canton,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1889.  JO  DAVIESS 
co.  Warren,  Pepoon  596.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead  in  1845.  HENDERSON 
co.  Oquawka,  Pratt,  Oct.,  1872.  KANKAKEE  co.  Altorf,  Hill  199  in  1872.  LAKE 
co.  Beach  Area,  Gates  3223.  MCHENRY  co.  Union,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1881;  Ring- 
wood,  Vasey.  PEORIA  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  near  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase 
819;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Oct., 
1876;  Old  Palmyra,  Schneclc,  Sept.,  1904.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Hill  195  in  1907. 
WINNEBAGO  co.  Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1868. 

Sporobolus  neglectus  Nash 
Small  Rush  Grass  (Fig.  163) 

Culms  smooth,  6  to  24  inches  tall,  forming  small  bunches ;  sheaths 
inflated,  broader  than  the  blades,  smooth ;  blades  slightly  longer  than 
the  sheaths,  about  2  mm.  wide,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  usually 
pubescent  near  the  base,  usually  involute  when  dry ;  panicles  1  to  2.5 
inches  long,  all  except  the  terminal  panicles  completely  inclosed  in 
the  inflated  sheaths ;  spikelets  2.5  to  3  mm.  long,  glumes,  lemma,  and 
palea  all  of  the  same  texture,  all  white  and  shining. 

This  species  has  been  confused  with  S.  vaginae florus,  which  it  resem- 
bles in  general  habit  of  growth  and  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the  pan- 
icles which  are  inclosed  in  the  inflated  upper  sheaths.  S.  neglectus  is 
usually  a  smaller  plant  and  is  distinguishable  by  its  smooth,  white 
spikelets,  those  in  S.  vaginaeflorus  having  pubescent  lemmas  and  not 
white,  shiny  spikelets  as  in  8.  neglectus. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb;  without  locality,  Wolf; 
without  locality,  Va$ey ;  Lake  Zurich,  Hill,  Sept.,  1898;  Otto,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Waite,  Sept.,  1888;  Urbana,  Seymour,  Oct.,  1880;  St. 
Joseph,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1895.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  BabcocJc,  Oct.,  1874;  Evanston, 
Shipman,  Oct.,  1875.  DU  PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Umbach,  Aug.,  1898.  FULTON  co. 
Without  locality,  Pepoon;  Canton,  Brendel.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead.  HEN- 
DERSON co.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  LAKE  co.  Lake  Zurich,  Hill,  Sept.,  1898. 
MENARD  CO.  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861  and  1864;  Athens,  Hall  in  1864. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  355 

OGLE  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  ;  Oregon,  Waite,  Sept.,  1888.  PEORIA  co. 
McDonald,  Oct.,  1904;  Peoria,  Brendel.  STARK  co.  Duncan,  V.  H.  Chase,  Sept.,' 
1906.  WILL  co.  Marley,  Hill,  Sept.,  1895. 

Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus  (Torr.)  Wood 
Sheathed  Kush  Grass  (Fig.  164) 

Vilfa  vaginaeflora,'~Lapham  '57,  544,  563  (Plate  1,  Fig.  5) ;  Babcock  '73,  96; 
Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63.  Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus,  Higley  and  Eaddin 
'91,  142;  Huett  '97,  219. 

Culms  8  to  24  inches  tall,  smooth;  sheaths  usually  all  inflated, 
smooth ;  blades  a  little  longer  than  the  sheaths,  very  narrow,  usually 
involute,  rough  on  the  upper  surface  and  pubescent  near  the  base; 
lateral  panicles  usually  inclosed  in  the  inflated  sheaths,  the  terminal 
ones  usually  free;  spikelets  3.5  to  4  mm.  long,  the  glumes  usually 
white,  the  lemma  dark  colored  and  always  pubescent. 

This  spedies  resembles  S.  neglectus,  but  is  usually  larger  and  is 
easily  recognized  by  the  spikelets.  It  grows  in  dry,  sandy  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  Wolf  in  1882 ;  without  locality,  Mead 
in  1844.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Grimes,  Sept.,  1916.  COOK  co.  Lyons,  Hill, 
Aug.,  1898;  Morgan  Park,  Chicago,  Hill,  Sept.,  1898;  Eggleston,  Hill  309  in  1898. 
FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  jo  DAVIESS  CO.  Without  locality,  Pepoon. 
HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead  in  1843.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson. 
LAKE  co.  Lake  Zurich,  Hill,  Sept.,  1898.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall. 
PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 
STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1209  and  1266.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel, 
SchnecTc,  Sept.,  1876  and  Oct.,  1887. 

Two  other  species  have  been  reported  from  Illinois,  S.  junceus 
(Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  p.  42)  and  S.  virginica  (Vilfa  virginica,  Pat- 
terson '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  88).  No  specimens  of 
either  of  these  have  been  seen.  The  latter,  as  understood  at  present, 
is  a  seashore  rush  grass  with  long,  stout  rootstocks,  and  is  not  found 
inland. 

27.AGROSTIS  L. 
Bent  Grass 

This  genus  includes  both  annual  and  perennial  species.  They  are 
distinguished  by  the  small  one-flowered  spikelets  in  which  both  glumes 
and  lemma  are  thin,  the  glumes  considerably  the  longer.  The  palea  is 
minute  or  wanting  in  all  Illinois  species  but  A.  alba.  The  inflorescence 
is  always  paniculate.  The  leaves  are  narrow,  with  conspicuous  mem- 
branous ligules.  A.  alba  is  the  only  species  of  economic  importance. 

Lemma  with  a  long  awn;  spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long.  A.  elliottiana 

Lemma  awnless ;  spikelets  more  than  2  mm.  long. 

Palea  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  lemma.  A.  alba 

Palea  minute  or  wanting. 

Panicle  branches  spreading,  usually  whorled,  the  branches  long  and  cap- 
illary, very  rough,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  tips.  A.  hyemalis 
Panicle  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  but  not  whorled,  nearly  smooth, 
the  spikelets  not  clustered  at  the  tips  of  the  branches.      A.  perennans 


356 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


169 


167 


170 


166 


168 


171 


Figs.  165-171. — 165,  A.  alba,  inflorescence;  166,  A.  alba,  spikelet;  167,  A. 
hyemalis,  inflorescence,  immature;  168,  A.  hyemalis,  spikelet;  169,  A.  elliottiana, 
spikelet;  170,  A.  perennans;  171,  A.  perennans,  spikelet 

Agrostis  alba  L. 
Florin.     White  Bent.     Redtop  (Fig.  165) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  565;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63; 
Huett  '97,  130;  Gates  '12,  355;  Sherff  '12,  420;  Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  1  to  4  feet  tall  from  creeping  rootstocks;  sheaths  smooth, 
blades  2  to  8  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide,  slightly  rough ;  ligule  mem- 
branous, usually  4  to  5  mm.  long ;  panicle  spreading,  contracted,  after 
flowering;  spikelets  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  palea  present,  usually  half  as 
long  as  the  lemma. 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  357 

The  earlier  botanists  of  the  state  assert  that  this  species  is  native 
here,  and  that  it  is  found  in  moist  situations  in  prairies,  fields,  road- 
sides, ditch  banks,  etc.  It  is  one  of  the  common  pasture  grasses  and  is 
also  cultivated  for  hay.  A  low  variety  is  cultivated  as  a  lawn  grass 
under  the  name  of  creeping  bent. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Mosher,  June,  1913;  TJrbana,  Seymour,  July,  1878;  Urbana,  Clinton  in  1893;  Ur- 
bana,  Mosher,  June,  1913.  COOK  co.  Without  locality,  Gates,  June,  1906;  Evans- 
ton,  Shipman,  July,  1875.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon;  Canton,  Bren- 
del.  JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham.  JO  DAVIESS  CO.  Warren,  Pepoon 
24.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  May,  1881.  PEOKIA  CO.  Peoria,  Bren- 
del.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch ;  East  St.  Louis,  Eggert,  June,  1879.  STARK 
co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  56.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  June, 
1900;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June,  1892,  1900,  1904. 

Agrostis  alba  vulgaris  Thurb. 

Agrostis  vulgaris,  Lapham  '57,  545,  566 ;  Babcock  '73,  96 ;  Patterson  '76,  49 ; 
Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63.  Agrostis  alba  var  vulgaris,  Higley  and  Raddin 
'91,  142;  Huett  '97,  130;  Cowles  '00,  106. 

This  variety,  on  account  of  the  many  intergrading  forms,  is  not 
easily  distinguished  from  the  species.  It  is  usually  found  in  dryer 
situations  and  is  not  so  tall,  from  9  to  18  inches  being  the  average 
height.  The  panicle  is  smaller  and  usually  more  open  and  spreading. 
The  leaves  are  smaller  and  the  ligule  is  generally  much  shorter. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN 
co.  Champaign,  Clinton  in  1888 ;  Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1880.  MENARD  CO. 
Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA  CO.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald, 
July,  1889. 

Agrostis  elliottiana  Schultes 
Elliott's  Bent  Grass  (Fig.  169) 

Plants  annual;  culms  slender,  5  to  12  inches  tall,  smooth;  sheaths 
smooth ;  blades  rough,  .5  to  5  inches  long,  not  over  2  mm.  wide ; 
ligule  about  2  mm.  long ;  panicle  narrow,  somewhat  open,  the  branches 
delicate;  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long,  the  lemma  bearing  a  slender 
awn  about  5  mm.  long. 

This  is  a  southeastern  species  and  rare  in  Illinois.  It  grows  in  dry 
soil.  So  far  as  known  it  is  the  only  awned  species  of  Agrostis  in  the 
state. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Shinier,  May,  1893. 
JOHNSON  co.  Tunnel  Hill,  Evelyn  Eidgway,  May,  1900.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascou- 
tah, Welsch. 

Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P. 
Hair  Grass  (Figs.  167  and  168) 

Agrostis  scabra,  Lapham  '57,  545,  564;  Babcock  '73,  96;  Patterson  '76,  49; 
Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  143;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  1  to  2  feet  tall ;  leaves  not  numerous,  mostly 
clustered  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  sheaths  smooth,  the  blades  rough,  2 


358  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

to  5  inches  long,  1  to  3  mm.  wide;  panicle  usually  purplish,  with 
spreading,  capillary,  whorled,  very  scabrous  branches  spikelet-bearing 
at  the  tips ;  spikelets  1.5  to  2  mm.  long. 

This  species  was  very  abundant  on  the  prairies,  especially  in  the 
poorer  kinds,  of  soil.  It  prefers  dry  soil  and  is  usually  found  now  in 
uncultivated  fields,  pastures,  and  woodland.  The  panicles  are  usually 
very  large,  somewhat  resembling  those  of  Panicum  capillare  and  like 
them  break  off  at  maturity  and  roll  before  the  wind. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Seymour,  July,  1880.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Barcode,  July,  1873;  Chicago,  Hill  23 
in  1891.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  177.  JOHNSON  co.  Tunnel 
Hill,  Schneck,  May,  1902.  KANKAKEE  co.  Hill,  May,  1870.  MCHENRY  co.  King- 
wood,  Vasey.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  June,  1882.  MARION  CO. 
Without  locality,  Lapham;  Salem,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860.  MARSHALL  co.  Steuben 
township,  F.  H.  Chase  1785.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald;  Peoria,  Brendel. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  F.  H.  Chase  56, 
1200,  1442.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  June,  1901 ;  without  locality, 
Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June,  1904;  vicinity  of  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck  in 
1879,  1881,  and  1890. 

Agrostis  perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm. 
Thin  Grass  (Figs.  170  and  171) 

Brendel  '59,  585;  Vasey  '61,  671-,  Babcock  '73,  96;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg 
'78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  142;  Sherff  '12,  49;  Sherff 
'13,  594. 

Culms  usually  very  slender,  erect  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent 
base ;  sheaths  smooth,  blades  rough,  2  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide, 
numerous,  mostly  erect;  panicle  variable,  usually  narrow  and  not 
spreading,  pale  green  or  sometimes  purplish ;  the  branches  usually  not 
whorled  and  not  having  the  spikelets  clustered  at  the  ends,  capillary 
and  slightly  roughened ;  spikelets  2  to  3'  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  exceedingly  variable  in  its  habit  of  growth,  so  that 
it  is  difficult  to  state  definitely  the  differences  between  this  species  and 
A.  liyemalis.  In  general,  however,  they  are  very  easily  distinguished. 
A.  perennans  grows  in  shady  places  and  blooms  mostly  from  August  to 
October,  while  A.  liyemalis  blooms  from  May  to  July. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS  :  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Gleason,  Sept.,  1898;  Urbana,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1899  and  Oct.,  1895.  COOK  co. 
Evanston,  Shipman,  Sept.,  1875;  Winnetka,  Sherff  1915.  FULTON  co.  Canton, 
Wolf;  Canton,  Brendel.  PEORIA  CO.  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase  1186 ;  Peoria,  Bren- 
del; Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1899.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  UNION 
co.  Cobden,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Oct., 
1901;  Hanging  Rock,  Schneck;  Crayfish  creek,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1897;  Mt.  Carmel, 
Schneck,  Sept.,  1877. 

28.   CALAMOVILFA  Hack. 

These  are  tall,  reed-like  grasses  which  have  long,  stout  rootstocks. 
They  are  found  mostly  on  the  sandy  shores  of  lakes  and  streams.  The 
large,  spreading  panicles  are  composed  of  one-flowered  spikelets  with 
firm  glumes,  lemma,  and  palea,  the  callus  densely  bearded. 


GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


339 


Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Hack. 
Long-leaved  Reed  Grass  (Fig.  172) 

Calamagrostis  longifolia,  Vasey  '61,  671;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Flagg  '78,  250;  Higley  and  Kaddin  '91,  143;  Huett  '97,  130;  McDonald  '00,  103, 
Calamovilfa  longifolia,  Gleason  '07,  182;  Gleason  '10,  148;  Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  single,  not  branched,  smooth  and  stout,  1  to  6  feet  tall; 
sheaths  pubescent,  at  least  near  the  base  and  on  the  margin ;  ligule  a 
short  fringe  of  hairs;  blades  9  to  18  inches  long,  involute,  pointed  at 
the  end ;  panicle  6  to  18  inches  long ;  spikelets  6  to  7  mm.  long. 

This  grass  is  found  in  loose  sands  and  is  abundant  along  the  shores 
of  Lake  Michigan,  where  it  acts  as  a  sand  binder. 

The  typical  form  of  the  species,  described  from  Saskatchewan,  is 
a  less  robust  plant  having  a  narrow,  strict  panicle.  Eggert's  St.  Clair 
collection  is  this  typical  form.  The  Oquawka  and  Lake  Michigan  speci- 
mens are  the  robust  form  with  large,  open  panicles  which  have  been 
distinguished  as  var.  magna  Scribn.  and  Merr. 

COOK  CO.  Without  locality,  along  lake  shore,  Vasey ;  Evanston,  Shipman,  July, 
1875;  Chicago,  Vasey;  Chicago,  Lansing,  July,  1898;  Chicago,  'Babcock,  August, 
1874.  HENDERSON  co.  Near  Oquawka,  Patterson.  LAKE  co.  Waukegan,  Gleason 
and  SKobe  322;  north  of  Waukegan,  Gates,  2920;  Waukegan,  Sherff.  MASON  co. 
Without  locality,  M.  S.  'Beb'b.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Eggert  in  1882. 


174 


175 


Figs.  172-175. — Spikelets:  172,  C.  longifotia;  173,  C.  canadensis;  174,  C. 
inexpansa;  175,  A.  arenaria 

29.   CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans. 
Reed  Bent  Grass 

These  grasses  are  tall,  with  long,  running  rootstocks  and  panicles 
which  resemble  those  of  Agrostis,  especially  A.  alba.  The  spikelets  are 
one-flowered,  the  lemma  and  palea  are  thinner  than  the  glumes,  the 
lemma  awned  on  the  back  and  surrounded  with  long  hairs  from  the 
short  callus  at  its  base.  The  leaves  are  long  and  narrow,  the  ligule 
membranous  with  ragged  edges. 


360  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Panicle  generally  open;  spikelets  3  to  3.5  mm.  long;  lemma  smooth,  the  callus 
hairs  about  as  long  as  the  lemma.  C.  canadensis 

Panicle  narrow,  constricted ;  spikelets  4  to  4.5  mm.  long ;  lemma  rough,  callus  hairs 
about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  lemma.  C.  incxpansa 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Miehx.)  Beauv. 
Blue-joint  Grass  (Fig.  173) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  568  (Plate  1,  Fig.  11);  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Flagg  '78,  280;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  130;  Huett  '97,  130; 
Gates  '12,  355;  Sherff  '12,  419;  Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  2  to  5  feet  tall,  smooth  or  slightly  rough ;  sheaths  smooth ; 
blades  6  to  18  inches  long,  2  to  8  mm.  wide,  rough;  panicle  usually 
widely  spreading,  but  sometimes  with  the  branches  erect ;  spikelets  3 
to  3.5  mm.  long,  the  lemma  smooth  with  an  inconspicuous  awn,  the 
callus  hairs  almost  equaling  and  concealing  the  lemma. 

This  species  is  found  in  wet  soil,  such  as  swamps  and  bogs.  It  is 
said  to  make  excellent  hay. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Mead;  Maynard,  A.  Chase,  June,  1898. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign,  Seymour,  June,  1884 ;  Champaign,  Waite,  June,  1886. 
COOK  CO.  Bryn  Mawr,  Meyers,  1910;  Beverly  Hills,  Robert  Bebb,  Aug.?  1904; 
Chicago,  Babcock,  Aug.,  1872.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  48. 
HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead  in  1843.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson. 
KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill,  June,  1870.  LAKE  co.  Lake  Villa,  Gleason  and 
Shobe  116,  146,  224.  LIVINGSTON  co.  Emington,  Wilcox,  July,  1902.  MCHENRY 
co.  Eingwood,  Vasey.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  July,  1883  and 

1884.  MENARD  co.     Athens,  Hall,  June,  1866.     OGLE  co.     Oregon,  Waite,  July, 

1885.  PEORIA  co.    Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase,  1897;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Akron,  V.  H. 
Chase,  June,  1897.       ST.  CLAIR  co.      Mascoutah,  Welsch.      WHITE  co.       Carmi, 
Schneck,  June,  1897.    WINNEBAGO  co.    Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb;  Fountain- 
dale,  M.  S.  Bebb. 

Calamagrostis  inexpansa  Gray 
Bog  Reed  Grass  (Fig.  174) 

Culms  slender,  2  to  4  feet  tall;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  rough, 
8  to  12  inches  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less ;  panicle  narrow  but  not  very 
densely  flowered;  spikelets  4  mm.  long,  awns  short,  lemma  rough, 
callus  hairs  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  lemma. 

This  species  is  found  in  low,  wet  places. 

COOK  co.    Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  Babcock,  July,  1873. 

Calamagrostis  cinnoides. — This  species  has  been  reported  by  Lap- 
ham  (C.  coarctata,  '57,  545,  568)  .and  by  Flagg  (C.  nuttalliana,  78, 
280) .  No  specimens  of  this  have  been  seen  by  the  writer. 

30.  AMMOPHILA  Host 

The  only  species  in  this  genus  is  a  stout  perennial  with  strong, 
creeping  rootstocks.  It  is  found  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan, 
where  it  acts  as  a  sand  binder.  This  grass  is  able  to  push  up  to  the 
surface  again  after  being  covered  by  shifting  sand.  The  inflorescence 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  361 

is  a  long,  densely  flowered,  spike-like  panicle,  with  one-flowered  spike- 
lets.  The  glumes,  lemma,  and  palea  are  firm  in  texture,  and  the  callus 
bears  a  ring  of  short  hairs. 

Ammophila  arenaria  (L.)  Link 
Sea  Sand  Grass.     Psamma.     Marram.     Beach  Grass  (Fig.  175) 

Calamagrostis  arenaria,  Vasey,  '61,  671;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Flagg  '78,  280.  Ammophila  arundinacea,  Higley  and  Eaddin,  '91,  143;  Cowles, 
'00,  171.  Ammophila  arenaria,  Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  smooth,  2  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  6  to  12  inches 
long,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  narrowed  and  involute,  ending  in 
a  sharp  point ;  spikelets  flattened  and  rough,  10  to  15  mm.  long. 

COOK  co.  Shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  Vasey;  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  Scam- 
mon,  Sept.,  1860;  Chicago,  Babcock,  July,  1874;  Evanston,  Shipman,  July,  1879. 

31.   CINNA  L. 
"Wood  Heed  Grass 

These  grasses  are  tall  and  slender,  the  culms  growing  singly  or  a 
few  together.  The  inflorescence  is  of  many-flowered  panicles.  The 
spikelets  are  one-flowered,  flattened,  and  keeled,  the  glumes  narrow; 
the  lemma  bears  a  minute  awn  just  below  the  apex,  but  there  are  no 
hairs  at  the  base.  The  palea  is  one-nerved  or  the  two  nerves  are  so 
close  together  as  to  appear  one.  The  leaves  are  flat,  the  ligules  brown, 
membranous,  almost  transparent,  5  to  6  mm.  long. 

Spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long;  awn  1  to  2  mm.  long;  first  and  second  glumes  about 
equal.  C.  latifolia 

Spikelets  5  to  6  mm.  long;  awn  about  .5  mm.  long;  first  glume  much  shorter  than 
the  second.  C.  arundinacea 

Ginna  arundinacea  L. 

Indian  Reed  (Figs.  176  and  177) 

Lapham  '57,  545,  565;  Babcock  '73,  96;  Patterson  '76,  49;  Flagg  '78,  280; 
Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  143. 

Culms  2  to  5  feet  tall,  smooth;  sheaths  smooth;  blades  6  to  12 
inches  long,  4  to  15  mm.  wide,  slightly  roughened;  panicle  usually 
densely  flowered,  the  numerous  branches  ascending,  the  ends  nodding; 
spikelets  5  to  6  mm.  long,  the  glumes  unequal,  rough,  the  lemma  with 
a  minute  awn  or  awnless. 

This  grass  is  found  in  moist,  shady  situations,  especially  in  the 
woods.  It  is  said  to  furnish  excellent  hay  where  it  grows  abundantly 
along  the  borders  of  streams. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Clinton,  Sept.,  1899;  Urbana,  Seymour,  July,  1880;  Urbana,  Seymour  and  Waite, 
July,  1886.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Eiver  Forest,  A. 
Chase,  Sept.,  1900;  Evanston,  Shipman,  Aug.,  1875;  Chicago,  Moffatt,  Aug.,  1892. 
FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co.  Oqnawka,  Patterson. 
JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  French  in  1878;  without  locality,  Lapham  in  1857. 


362 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


jo  DAVIESS  CO.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  48  and  462.  KANE  GO.  Elgin,  Sherff, 
Oct.,  1909.  MCHENRY  CO.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1879.  MACOUPIN  co.  Car- 
linville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1880.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall,  Sept.,  1864.  PEORIA 
co.  Glasf ord,  Wilcox,  Aug.,  1902 ;  Princeville,  F.  H.  Chase,  Sept.,  1906 ;  Peoria, 
Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1894.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  SchnecJc, 
Sept.,  1876;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Hanging  Eock,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1879;  Mt. 
Carmel,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1877. 


176 


178 


17.7 


179 


180 


Figs.  176-180. — 176,  C.  arundinacea,  inflorescence;  177,  C.  arundinacea,  spike- 
let;  178,  C.  latifolia,  inflorescence;  179,  C.  latifolia,  spikelet;  180,  N.  lanatus, 
spikelet 

Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb. 
Slender  Wood  Reed  Grass  (Figs.  178  and  179) 

Cinna  arundinacea  var.  pendula,  Patterson  '76,  49 ;  Flagg  '78,  280. 

Culms  2  to  5  feet  tall,  smooth ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  6  to  12  inches 
long,  10  to  15  mm.  wide ;  panicle  spreading,  the  slender  branches  often 
drooping;  spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long;  glumes  nearly  equal,  rough; 
lemma  with  a  short  awn. 

This  species  is  found  in  damp  woods.  It  is  not  so  abundant  as 
C.  arundinacea. 

KANE  co.     Elgin,  Vasey.     LAKE  co.     Beach,  Gates,  July,  1909. 


32.    NOTHOLCUS   Nash 

This  grass  was  introduced  from  Europe  and  is  fairly  common  in 
the  eastern  United  States  and  on  the  Pacific  coast.     The  spikelets  are 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  263 

two-flowered,  the  lower  flower  perfect,  the  upper  staminate.  The 
glumes  and  lemmas  are  thick,  the  palea  very  thin.  The  inflorescence 
is  in  dense  panicles  shaped  something  like  those  of  Agrostis.  The  entire 
plant  is  covered  with  short,  soft  pubescence,  hence  the  name  velvet 
grass. 

Notholcus  lanatus  (L.)  Nash 
Velvet  Grass.    Meadow  Soft  Grass  (Fig.  180) 

Holcus  lanatus,  Gray's  Manual,  7th  ed. ;  Britton  '07,  115. 

Entire  plants  light  green  and  velvety ;  culms  1  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  blades  1  to  6  inches  long,  4  to  12  mm. 
wide,  ligule  membranous,  2  to  3  mm.  long ;  spikelets  flattened,  about 
4  mm.  long,  pubescent,  the  glumes  longer  than  the  lemmas. 

This  grass  is  perennial.  It  grows  best  in  moist  places,  and  will 
thrive  in  very  poor  soil.  It  is  a  rather  pretty  species,  with  its  pale 
green  foliage  and  pink-tinted  panicles  but  it  is  not  regarded  as  a  valu- 
able forage  grass  in  most  places  where  it  has  been  introduced.  In 
some  parts  of  the  West,  however,  it  is  much  liked. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.     Urbana,  Burrill,  June,  1891. 

33.    SPHENOPHOLIS    Scribn.- 

These  grasses  are  tall,  slender,  tufted  perennials  with  narrow  pan- 
icles. The  leaves  are  flat,  usually  very  narrow;  the  ligule  is  membra- 
nous, fringed  with  fine  hairs,  and  from  2  to  4  mm.  long.  The  species 
are  most  easily  determined  by  the  shape  of  the  glumes,  the  first  being 
very  narrow  and  pointed,  the  second  much  broader,  obovate  or  wedge- 
shaped.  The  spikelets  are  2-  to  3-flowered,  and  longer  than  the  glumes. 

Second  glume  almost  as  broad  as  long,  broadly  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  apex, 
nearly  equal  in  length  to  the  first.  S.  obtusata 

Second  glume  not  nearly  so  broad  as  long,  acute  or  narrowly  obtuse  at  the  end, 
longer  than  the  first.  S.  pattens 

Sphenopholis  obtusata   (Michx.)   Scribn. 
Blunt-scaled  Sphenopholis  (Fig.  181) 

Katonia  obtusata,  Lapham  '57,  546,  575  (Plate  2,  Fig.  10)  ;  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  143;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall,  smooth ;  leaves  mostly  clustered  at  the  base 
of  the  plant,  sheaths  rough,  often  pubescent;  blades  1.5  to  6  inches 
long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide,  slightly  rough ;  panicle  densely  flowered,  2  to  6 
inches  long,  often  so  narrow  as  to  appear  spike-like ;  spikelets  2.5  to 
3  mm.  long,  the  glumes  strongly  nerved  and  rough  except  on  the 
smooth,  shiny  margin ;  lemmas  similar  in  texture  to  the  glumes ;  palea 
thin  and  transparent. 

This  species  is  found  in  dry  soil.  It  was  one  of  the  species  of  the 
original  prairie  and  is  still  found  in  many  .places  in  the  state. 


364 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Clinton,  June,  1900;  Champaign,  Gleason  1006.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  Lansing  272; 
Woodlawn,  Chicago,  Lansing,  June,  1898 ;  Englewood,  Hill,  July,  1875 ;  South  Chi- 
cago, A.  Chase,  July,  1901.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  FULTON  co. 
Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead,  June,  1848.  ,TO  DAVIESS 
co.  East  of  Warren,  Pepoon  8.  KANKAKEE  co.  Bourbonnais,  Hill  83  in  1874. 
MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  May,  1884.  MARION  co.  Without  locality, 
M.  S.  Belib  in  1860.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1156  and  1460.  TAZEWELL  co. 
Without  locality.  McDonald,  July,  1889.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Moshcr,  May, 
1914.  WABASH  co.  Old  Palmyra,  Schneck,  May,  1880;  Mt.  Carmel,  SchnecJc, 
June,  1904. 


181 


182 


Figs.  181-182. — 181,  S.  obtiisata,  inflorescence,  (a)  spikelet;    182,  S.  pollens, 
inflorescence,  (a)  spikelet 


Sphenopholis  pallens  (Spreng.)  Seribn. 
(Fig.  182) 

Eatonia  pennsylvanica,  Lapham  '57,  546,  576;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78, 
281;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  143.  Sphenopholis  pallens,  Sherff 
'12,  419;  Sherff  '13,  594. 

Culms  smooth,  1  to  3.5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  rough,  sometimes  pubes- 
cent ;  blades  2  to  7  inches  long,  4  to  6  mm.  wide,  rough  and  sometimes 
with  a  few  hairs;  panicles  loosely  flowered,  narrow,  3  to  7  inches  long; 
spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long,  glumes  strongly  nerved  and  rough  except  the 
margins ;  lemma  firm ;  palea  membranous,  transparent. 

This  species  was  also  found  on  the  original  prairie  but  in  moist  sit- 
uations. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Burrill,  Waite,  and  Seymour,  June,  1884;  Champaign,  Waite,  June,  1886.  CHRIS- 
TIAN co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Glencoe,  Sherff,  June,  1911.  HENDER- 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  365 

SON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  MCHENRY  CO.  Algonquin,  Nason,  June,  1878. 
KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakce,  Hill,  June,  1873.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robert- 
son, June,  1884.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1874;  Athens,  Hall  in 
1864.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1889.  STARK  co. 
Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  589.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  May, 
1879;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Patton,  SchnecTc,  June,  1900;  Mt.  Carmel,  SchnecTc, 
June,  1881,  1900,  1904  and  1906;  Old  Palmyra,  Schneck,  June,  1900.  WILL  CO. 
Joliet,  SJceels,  June,  1904. 

SplienopJiolis  pennsylvanica  (L.)  Hitchc. — This  species  is  described 
as  Trisetum  pennsylvanicum  in  Britton's  Manual  (1907),  where  it  is 
reported  from  Illinois.  It  was  also  reported  from  Illinois  by  several  of 
the  earlier  authors  as  Trisetum  palustre :  Lapham  '57,  548,  589 ;  Pat- 
terson '76,  52 ;  Flagg  '78,  284  and  Brendel  '87,  88.  It  is  also  reported 
from  Illinois  in  Gray's  Manual  (7th  ed.)  under  the  name  8.  palustris 
(Michx.)  Scribn.  No  Illinois  specimens  are  contained  in  the  herbaria 
examined,  nor  are  there  any  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botan- 
ical Garden  or  in  the  Gray  Herbarium. 

34.  KOELERIA  Pers. 

This  genus  includes  a  single  species  which  was  found  in  dry  places 
on  the  western  prairies.  It  grows  in  large  bunches,  with  narrow  leaves 
and  shining,  spike-like  panicles  which  are  about  the  length  of  those  of 
timothy,  but  are  thicker,  interrupted,  and  not  quite  cylindrical.  The 
spikelets  are  2-  to  4-flowered,  the  glumes  slightly  shorter  than  the 
florets. 

Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers. 
(Fig.  184) 

Lapham  '57,  546,  575;  Babcock  '73,  97.;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281; 
Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  143;  Gleason  '10,  148;  Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  1  to  2.5  feet  tall,  densely  short  pubescent  just  below  the 
panicle,  otherwise  smooth ;  leaves  mostly  clustered  at  the-  base ;  sheaths 
pubescent ;  ligules  inconspicuous  or  lacking ;  blades  1  to  12  inches  long, 
1  to  5  mm.  wide,  generally  rough  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  becoming 
involute  when  dry ;  panicle  pale  green  and  shining ;  spi£elets  rough,  4 
to  5  mm.  long. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  without  locality,  Hall;  south- 
ern Illinois,  Lapham  in  1857.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign,  Waite,  June,  1886; 
Champaign,  Seymour,  June,  1884.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK 
co.  Rogers  Park,  Johnson,  July,  1890.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon. 
JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Gleason,  June,  1903.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality, 
Pepoon,  July,  1908;  Hanover,  Gleason  and  Gates  2533.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kanka- 
kee,  Hill,  47  in  1871.  KNOX  co.  Williamsfield,  V.  H.  Chase  1842.  LAKE  co. 
Waukegan,  Gates  2467;  Beach,  Gates  2763;  Eockefeller,  Gates  1740.  MCHENRY 
co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  June,  1878.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  June, 
1884.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860.  MARSHALL  co.  Near 
Lawn  Eidge,  V.  H.  Chase  1382.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1890;  Peo- 
ria, Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  East  of  Wady 
Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  28;  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1382  and  1496.  WABASH  co. 
Without  locality,  Shearer. 


366  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

35.  DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv. 

This  genus  belongs  to  cold  climates;  only  one  species  has  been 
found  in  Illinois.  The  plants  are  perennial  with  short,  very  narrow 
or  involute  leaves  clustered  at  the  base,  and,  borne  far  above  them,  a 
loose,  open  panicle  with  shining  spikelets,  which  are  brown,  tinged 
with  purple.  The  spikelets  are  mostly  2-  rarely  3-flowered,  the  glumes 
and  lemmas  thin,  the  lemma  bearing  an  awn  from  near  its  base. 

Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv. 
Tufted  Hair  Grass  (Figs.  183  and  185) 

Aira  caespitosa,  Vasey  '61,  671;  Flagg  '78,  284. 

Culms  in  tufts  2  to  4  feet -tall,  smooth;  sheaths  smooth;  ligule 
membranous,  transparent,  3  to  5  mm.  long ;  blades  usually  flat,  becom- 
ing involute  when  dry,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  1  to  6  inches  long, 
2  to  3  mm.  wide ;  panicle  4  to  8  inches  long,  usually  half  as  wide,  the 
branches  not  numerous,  slender,  rough  and  spikelet-bearing  at  the 
ends;  spikelets  3.5  to  4  mm.  long,  the  glumes  usually  as  long  as  the 
lemma,  the  awn  extending  slightly  beyond  the  glumes.  This  species 
is  found  in  moist  soil,  usually  along  streams. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey  in  1861;  northern  Illinois, 
Vasey.  KANE  co.  Elgin,  Vasey. 

36.  AVENA  (Tourn.)  L. 
Oat 

Two  species  of  oat,  both  annuals,  may  be  found  in  Illinois — the 
wild  and  the  cultivated.  The  latter  often  escapes  from  cultivation 
and  may  be  found  in  waste  places,  but  it  seldom  establishes  itself.  The 
genus  is  distinguished  by  its  large,  open  panicles  with  spikelets  from 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  The  spikelets  are  2-  to  4-flowered,  the 
many-nerved  glumes  longer  than  the  lemmas,  which  usually  bear  a 
dorsal  awn.  The  leaves  are  long  and  flat,  the  ligule  membranous,  1  to 

4  mm.  long. 

• 

Lemmas  pubescent;  awn  well  developed,  twisted  at  the  base.  A.  fatua 

Lemmas  smooth;  awn,  if  present,  small,  usually  straight.  A.  sativa 

Avena  fatua  L. 
Wild  Oat  (Fig.  186) 

Culms  stout,  1  to  4  feet  tall,  smooth ;  sheaths  usually  smooth,  some- 
times slightly  roughened  near  the  blade,  occasionally  hairy;  blades 
slightly  roughened,  3  to  12  inches  long,  4  to  14  mm.  wide ;  panicle  4 
to  12  inches  long,  usually  narrow,  the  branches  ascending;  spikelets 
22  to  25  mm.  long,  excluding  the  awns,  the  lemmas  sparsely  covered 
with  long  brown  hairs,  which  are  more  numerous  near  the  base ;  awn 
arising  from  near  the  middle  of  the  lemma,  twisted  at  base. 


1918} 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


367 


This  species  is  a  common  weed  in  the  West,  but  it  has  been  reported 
from  only  one  locality  in  Illinois. 

DU  PAGE  CO.  Naperville,  Umbach,  July,  1896  and  1898;  Naperville,  Moffatt, 
Aug.,  1894. 

Avena  sativa  L. 

This  species  is  too  well  known  to  need  description.  Under  cultiva- 
tion the  awn  is  obsolete,  but  in  specimens  found  in  waste  places,  it  is 
often  fairly  well  developed.  Such  specimens  may  be  distinguished 
from  A.  fatua  by  the  nearly  glabrous  lemma. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign,  Clinton,  July,  1900;  Champaign,  Seymour,  July, 
1880.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Lansing,  July,  1898.  LAKE  co.  Channel  lake,  Haynes, 
Aug.,  1905.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  GLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch. 


187 


188 


Figs.  183-188. — 183,  D.  caespitosa,  spikelet;  184,  K.  crimtata,  spikelet;  185, 
Z>.  caespitosa,  inflorescence;  186,  A.  fatua,  spikelet;  187,  A.  elatius,  inflorescence; 
188,  A.  elatius,  spikelet 

37.  ARRHENATHERUM  Beauv. 
Oat  Grass 

This  genus  is  commonly  called  oat-grass  on  account  of  its  spikelets, 
which  closely  resemble  those  of  the  oat  but  are  considerably  smaller. 
The  plants  are  perennial  with  long,  flat  leaves  and  narrow  panicles. 
The  spikelets  are  2-flowered,  one  floret  perfect,  awnless  or  with  a  short 
awn,  the  other  staminate,  awned,  the  awn  bent,  twisted  near  the  base. 

Arrhenatherum  elatius  (L.)  Beauv. 
Tall  Oat  Grass.    Randall  Grass  (Figs.  187  and  188) 

Culms  smooth,  3  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  rough,  2  to 
1.2  inches  long,  2  to  8  mm.  wide ;  ligule  membranous,  about  1  mm.  long, 
panicle  4  to  12  inches  long,  narrow,  the  branches  ascending;  spikelets 
7  to  8  mm.  long,  the  lemma  rough,  its  awn  about  twice  as  long. 


368  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

This  species  was  introduced  from  Europe  as  a  meadow  grass.  It 
often  escapes  from  cultivation.  So  far  as  known  it  has  never  been 
extensively  cultivated  in  Illinois. 

CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Urbana,  Surrill,  July  1878.  COOK  co.  Hyde  Park,  Hill  217 
in  1894.  PKORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1903. 

38.  DANTHONIA  DC. 

This  genus  is  distinguished  by  its  narrow,  spike-like  panicles  which 
consist  of  very  few  spikelets.  The  leaves  are  mostly  clustered  at  the 
base,  very  short,  narrow,  and  usually  involute.  The  spikelets  are  3-  to 
8-flowered,  the  florets  usually  all  perfect.  The  glumes  are  much  longer 
than  the  lemmas,  usually  extending  beyond  all  the  florets.  The  lem- 
mas are  toothed  at  the  end  with  a  flat,  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth. 
Only  one  species  is  found  in  Illinois. 

Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv. 
Wild  Oat  Grass  (Figs.  191  and  192) 

Lapham  *57,  547,  589  (Plate  4,  Fig.  1);  Patterson  '76,  52;  Flagg  '78,  283; 
Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  143;  Huett  '97,  130;  Sherff  '12,  420; 
Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  smooth,  8  to  28  inches  tall ;  slieaths  usually  pubescent  espe- 
cially at  the  throat ;  ligule  very  short,  mostly  a  fringe  of  hairs,  1  to  2 
mm.  long;  blades  narrow,  somewhat  curled,  usually  involute,  1  to  6 
inches  long,  T  to  2  mm.  wide ;  spikelets  10  to  12  mm.  long,  3-  to  8-flow- 
ered, the  glumes  smooth,  thei  lemmas'  pubescent,  4  to  5  mm.  long ;  awn 
longer  than  the  lemma. 

This  species  grows  in  small  tufts.  It  is  found  in  dry,  usually  sterile 
soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Seymour  and  Waite,  July,  1886.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  COOK  co. 
West  Chicago,  Umbach,  June,  1897;  Evanston,  Gates,  June,  1900;  Beverly  Hills, 
R.  Bebb,  June,  1902.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HANCOCK  CO.  Au- 
gusta, Mead  in  1845.  JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  French,  May,  1905;  Ma- 
kanda,  Gleason,  June,  1903.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  MACOU- 
PIN  co.  Carlinville,  Eobertson  in  1881.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb 
in  186-0.  MARSHALL  co.  Steubeii  township,  V.  H.  Chase  1789.  FEORIA  co.  Peo- 
ria, McDonald  28;  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1887;  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Mascoutah,  Welsch.  UNION  co.  Cobden,  Waite,  June,  1885.  VERMILION  co.  Mun- 
cie,  Mosher,  Sept.,  1914.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels,  July,  1904,  Mokena,  A.  Chase, 
June,  1897. 

39.    SPARTINA   Schrob. 
Cord  or  Marsh  Grass 

These  grasses  are  tall,  coarse  perennials  with  stout,  creeping  root- 
stocks,  found  in  marshes  and  sloughs  and  along  the  borders  of  streams 
and  lakes.  The  inflorescence  consists  of  spikes  formed  of  1 -flowered, 
flattened  spikelets  which  closely  overlap  each  other  on  one  side  of  the 
rachis. 


1918} 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


369 


190 


191 


192 


Figs.  189-192. — 189,  S.  michauxiana,  inflorescence;  190,  S.  michauxiana, 
spikelet;  191,  D.  spicata,  inflorescence;  192,  I),  spicata,  spikelet 

Spartina  michauxiana  Hitchc. 
Slough  Grass.    Fresh  Water  Cord  Grass  (Figs.  189  and  190) 

Spartina  cynosuroides,  Lapham  '57,  545,  571  (Plate  2,  Fig.  3) ;  Babcock  '73, 
97;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91, 
138;  Huett  '97,  128;  Gleason  '07,  182.  Spartina  michauxiana,  Gleason  '10,  148; 
Gates  '12,  355;  Gleason  '12,  45;  Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  smooth,  3  to  6  feet  tall;  sheaths  smooth;  ligule  mostly  a 
fringe  of  hairs  2  to  3  mm.  long;  blades  sharp-pointed,  2  to  4  feet  long, 
6  to  15  mm.  wide,  rough  along  the  edges  and  usually  involute  when 
dry ;  spikes  1  to  4  inches  long ;  spikelets  7  to  9  mm.  long,  the  first  glume 
about  half  as  long  as  the  awned  second  glume. 

This  is  one  of  the  native  grasses  that  appear  to  be  almost  as 
abundant  today  as  when  the  country  was  first  settled.  If  cut  early  it 
makes  fairly  good  hay.  Its  rootstocks  make  it  valuable  also  as  a  sand 
binder. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, Percival;  Savoy,  Gib'bs,  Sept.,  1898;  near  Mahomet,  Burrill  and  Seymour, 
Aug.,  1880.  COOK  co.  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  BfrbcocTc,  July,  1874;  Thornton, 
Hill,  July,  1865.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  DU  PAGE  CO.  Wheatland, 
Umbach,  July,  1909.  PULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Fepoon;  Canton,  Wolf.  JO 
DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Aug., 
1913;  Kankakee,  Hill,  July,  1873.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  TJmbach,  July,  1909;  Lake 


370 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Villa,  Gleason  and  Shobe  226;  Leach  area  near  Waukcgan,  Gates  2913.  MENARD 
co.  Athens,  Hall  in  1861.  OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite,  Aug.,  1888.  PEORIA  co. 
Peoria,  McDonald;  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK 
co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  708.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer; 
Keensburgh,  Schneck,  Aug.,  1880;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1906.  WILL  co. 
Joliet,  Skeels,  Aug.,  1904. 

40.  CAPRIOLA  Adans. 

This  genus  belongs  to  the  Old  World ;  one  species  has  been  intro- 
duced into  the  southern  states,  where  it  is  now  very  common.  It  does 
not  grow  very  tall.  The  inflorescence,  much  like  that  of  crab  grass, 
consists  of  several  digitate  spikes.  It  spreads  by  creeping  rootstocks 
under  the  surface  or  by  runners  on  top,  and  in  soft,  mellow  soil  it 
grows  very  large  and  coarse,  making  a  troublesome  weed.  In  firm  soil 
it  is  fine  and  makes  a  good  lawn  or  pasture  grass.  The  spikelets  are 
one-flowered,  flattened,  the  glumes  shorter  than  the  lemma. 


193 


194 


Figs.  193-194. — 193,  C.  dactylon,  inflorescence,  (a)  spikelet;  194,  S.  pani- 
culatvs,  inflorescence,  (a)  portion  of  rachis  and  spikelet,  (b)  spikelet 

Capriola  dactylon  (L.)  Kuntze 
Bermuda  Grass.     Scutch  Grass  (Fig.  193) 

Cynodon  dactylon,  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  4  to  24  inches  high,  smooth;  sheaths  smooth  or  sometimes 
pubescent;  ligulc  very  short,  mostly  a  fringe  of  hairs;  blades  short, 
pointed,  1  to  4  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  more  or  less  roughened ; 
infloresence  in  spikes,  3  to  6,  spread  out  finger-like,  the  spikelets  sessile 


1018]  THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS  371 

along  one  side  of  a  slender,'  flat  rachis;  spikelets  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  the 
lemmas  hairy  on1  the  keel. 

This  grass  may  be  easily  identified  by  its  pale,  gray-green  foliage 
and  its  creeping  habit.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  very  extensively  intro- 
duced into  Illinois.  Mr.  E.  Pike  of  St.  Jacob,  who  sent  some  to  the 
University  for  identification,  reports  that  it  started  a  very  few  years 
ago  in  that  locality  and  has  spread  at  a  very  rapid  rate.  Care  should 
be  taken  not  to  allow  it  to  obtain  a  foothold  in  cultivated  fields. 

COOK  co.  Chicago,  Moffat,  Sept.,  1895.  MADISON  co.  St.  Jacob,  Pike,  May, 
1915.  w ABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  July,  1898. 

41.  SCHEDONNARDUS  Steud. 

In  this  genus  the  inflorescence  consists  of  long,  narrow  spikes  ar- 
ranged alternately  along  an  angled  axis,  the  rachis  hollowed  out  on 
the  sides,  the  one-flowered,  narrow,  sessile  spikelets  appressed  in  the 
hollows.  The  leaves  are  short  and  narrow  and  usually  clustered  at  the 
base.  The  plants  are  annuals. 

Schedonnardus  paniculatus  (Nutt.)  Trel. 
(Fig.  194) 

Lepturus  paniculatus,  Lapham  '57,  547,  585  (Plate  3,  Fig.  6)  ;  Patterson  '76, 
51;  Flagg  '78,  282;  Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  in  tufts,  rough,  8  to  18  inches  tall ;  sheaths  flattened,  smooth 
or  slightly  rough;  ligule  membranous,  pointed;  blades  flat,  rough,  1 
to  4  inches  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide ;  spikes  arranged  alternately,  the  axis 
and  rachises  sharply  angled ;  spikelets  3  to  4.5  mm.  long,  rough. 

It  is  extremely  improbable  that  this  species  is  now  found  in  Illinois. 
It  was  found  on  the  original  prairie,  especially  around  salt  licks. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta^ 
Mead;  Deer  Lick,  Augusta,  Mead,  Aug.,  1845. 

42.  BOUTELOUA  Lag. 

Mesquite  Grass.    Grama  Grass 

These  grasses  are  perennial  and  on  the  original  prairie  were  im- 
portant grazing  grasses.  The  inflorescence  consists  of  small,  one-sided 
spikes  composed  of  spikelets  sessile  on  a  narrow  rachis,  which  is  some- 
times prolonged  beyond  the  spikelets.  The  spikelets  are  usually  2-flow- 
ered  but  only  the  lower  floret  is  perfect.  The  glumes  are  unequal, 
keeled,  and  usually  shorter  than  the  lemmas.  The  leaves  are  short 
and  narrow,  often  involute.  The  ligules  are  very  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. 

Inflorescence  of  numerous  short  spikes  arranged  on  each  side  of  the  axis,  drooping 
on  slender  peduncles.  B.  curtipendula 

Inflorescence  of  1  to  3  spikes  usually  on  one  side  of  the  stem,  ascending. 


372 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Eachis  of  the  spike  projecting-  beyond  the  spikelets  in  a  prominent  point; 
keel  of  the  second  glume' pubescent,  the  hairs  from  prominent  black  papil- 
lae; the  sterile  lemma  not  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  B.  hirsuta 

Eachis  of  the  spike  not  projecting  beyond  the  spikelets;  keel  of  the  second 
glume  glabrous  or  with  few  hairs,  these  not  from  papillae;  sterile  lemma 
with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  B.  gracilis 


195 


196 


Figs.  195-199. — 195,  B.  curtipendula,  inflorescence;  196,  B.  hirsuta,  inflores- 
cence; 197,  B.  gracilis,  spikelet;  198,  B.  nirsuta,  spikelet;  199,  B.  curtipendula, 
spikelet 

Bouteloua  curtipendula  (Miehx.)  Torr. 

Tall  Grama  Grass.     Mesquite  Grass.     Side-oat.     Grama 

(Figs.  195  and  199) 

Chloris  curtipendula,  Michaux  '03,  59.  Atheropogon  apludioides,  Engelmann 
'44,  104;  Lapham  '57,  546,  572.  Bouteloua  curtipendula,  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Tlagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Huett  '97,  130.  Atheropogon  curtipendulus, 
Gleason  '07,  182.  Bouteloua  curtipendula,  Gleason  '10,  148. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall,  smooth ;  sheaths  smooth,  hairy  at  the  throat ; 
blades  slightly  rough,  sometimes  pubescent  at  base,  2  to  12  inches 
long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  short,  numerous,  arranged  on  either 
side  of  the  axis,  each  consisting  of  from  5  to  8  spikelets;  spikelets  7 
to  10  mm.  long. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  373 

This  was  one  of  the  important  grasses  of  the  prairie  and  it  is  still 
found  thruout  the  state.  It  is  an  excellent  forage  grass. 

CASS  co.  Chandlerville,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1886.  CARROLL  co.  Savanna,  A. 
Chase  1886.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Experiment  Station,  Urbana,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1897. 
COOK  co.  Summit,  Umbach,  July,  1901;  Palatine,  Gates  1895.2.  DU  PAGE  CO. 
Without  locality,  by  railroad  track,  Moffatt,  Aug.,  1891.  FULTON  co.  Without 
locality,  Pepoon.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon,  Aug.,  1908;  HEN- 
DERSON co.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Oct., 
1913;  Kankakee,  Hill,  July,  1874.  MCHENRY  CO.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1878. 
MASON  co.  Manito,  Wilcox,  July,  1902;  Havana,  Gleason,  Aug.,  1903.  MENARD 
CO.  Athens,  Hall  in  1862  and  1864.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  Mc- 
Donald, Aug.,  1887;  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase  1875.  OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite, 
Sept.,  1887.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WILL  co.  Troy  township,  Hill, 
Sept.,  1906;  Joliet,  STceels,  Sept.,  1904.  WINNEBAGO  co.  Fountaindale,  M.  S. 
Jiebb.  WOODFORD  co.  Kappa,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1879. 

Bouteloua  gracilis  H.  B.  K. 

(Fig.  197) 

Bouteloua  oligostachya,  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  88; 
Gleason  '10,  149. 

Culms  erect,  6  to  20  inches  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  smooth,  1 
to  5  inches  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  often  involute;  spikes  1  to  3, 
2  to  5  cm.  long;  spikelets  5  to  6  mm.  long;  glumes  narrow,  the  first 
about  half  as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  glabrous  or  has  a  few  long 
hairs  on  the  keel ;  fertile  lemma  split  up  into  three  points  at  the  summit, 
each  of  these  with  a  short  awn;  sterile  lemma  with  two  lobes  at  the 
end  and  three  short  awns,  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  base. 

This  species  has  the  general  appearance  of  B.  liirsuta.  It  is  a 
prairie  species  found  in  the  same  situations  as  the  other  species  of  the 
genus,  tho  it  is  much  less  common. 

JO  DAVIESS  co.    Without  locality,  Pepoon  173. 

Bouteloua  hirsuta  Lag. 
Hairy  Mesquite.    Black  Grama  (Figs.  396  and  198) 

Atheropogon  papillus,  Engelmann  '44,  104.  Chondrosium  hirtum,  Lapham 
'57,  571  (Plate  2,  Fig.  4).  Bouteloua  hirsuta,  Vasey  '61;  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  88;  McDonald  '00,  103;  Gleason  '10,  148. 

Culms  8  to  20  inches  tall,  the  leaves  crowded  at  the  base ;  sheaths 
usually  smooth,  sometimes  prominently  papillose-pubescent;  blades  1 
to  5  inches  long,  2  to  3  mm.  wide,  sparsely  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
usually  involute  when  dry;  spikes  single  or  at  most  2  or  3,  1  to  2 
inches  long,  the  rachis  extending  as  a  prominent  point  beyond  the 
spikelets ;  spikelets  5  to  6  mm.  long,  the  glumes  with  prominent,  usually 
black  papillae,  bearing  long  hairs,  the  lemma  split  up  into  three  awn- 
like  points,  the  sterile  floret  bearing  three  awns. 

This  species  is  found  on  sandy  prairie  ground,  tho  it  does  not  extend 
as  far  north  as  B.  curtipendula.  Like  that  species  it  is  a  good  forage 
grass. 


374 


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[March, 


ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  without  locality,  Mead  in 
1845;  along  the  Mississippi  river,  Wilcox.  CASS  co.  Beardstown,  Geyer,  Aug., 
1862.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality, 
Pepoon  160.  HENDERSON  co.  Without  locality,  Patterson,  Aug.,  1871;  Oquawka, 
Patterson,  Sept.,  1872.  MASON  co.  Without  locality,  Bebb  in  1861;  without  lo- 
cality, Hall  in  1861;  Manito,  Wilcox,  July,  1902;  Havana,  Gleason,  Aug.,  1903. 
MENARD  CO.  Athens,  Hall  in  1860.  OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite,  Aug.,  1884. 

43.  DACTYLOCTENIUM  Willd. 

One  species  of  this  genus  was  introduced  from  the  warmer  parts  of 
the  Old  World  and  is  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  Both  in 
habit  and  in  general  appearance  it  is  somewhat  like  Eleusine  indica, 
having  spikes  arranged  in  the  same  manner  (Fig.  201).  It  may  readily 
be  distinguished  by  the  prolonged  rachis  which  forms  a  point  beyond 
the  spikelets.  The  spikelets  are  flattened,  3-  to  5-flowered,  sessile.  The 
glumes  are  broad  and  keeled,  the  lemmas  sharply  pointd.  The  leaves 
are  flat  and  narrow. 


202 


Figs.  200-202. — 200,  D.  aegypticum,  spikelet;  201,  E.  indica,  inflorescence; 
202,  E.  indica,  spikelet 

Dactyloctenium  aegypticum  (L.)  Willd. 
Egyptian  Grass.    Crowfoot  Grass  (Fig.  200) 

Lapham  '57,  546,  572;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg,  '78,  281. 

Culms  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall,  usually  spreading  and  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes;  sheaths  very  loose,  smooth;  blades  3  to  6  inches  long, 
2  to  6  mm.  wide,  usually  pubescent  near  the  base,  especially  along  the 
edge ;  spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long. 

This  grass  is  an  annual  and  is  found  mostly  in  waste  places.  It 
has  been  reported  from  several  localities,  altho  but  a  single  specimen 
has  been  seen  by  the  writer. 

ST.  CLAIR  co.     Along  railway  track,  Eggert,  Aug.,  1876. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  375 

44. '  ELEUSINE  Gaertn. 

Grasses  belonging  to  this  genus  are  not  native  to  America,  and 
only  one  species  has  been  introduced  into  Illinois.  It  has  an  inflo- 
rescence of  spikes,  spreading  out  finger-like  at  the  top  of  the  culm, 
as  have  common  crab  grass  and  Bermuda  grass  (Figs.  29  and  193). 
The  spikelets  each  have  several  flowers,  arranged  in  two  rows  on  each 
side  of  the  stem.  The  glumes  are  flattened  and  keeled  and  shorter  than 
the  spikelet.  The  leaves  are  flat,  the  ligules  practically  wanting. 

Eleusine  indica  (L.)  Gaertn. 

Wire  Grass.    Goose  Grass.    Yard  Grass.    Crow's  Foot 
(Figs.  201  and  202) 

Lapham  '57,  546,  573  (Plate  2,  Fig.  5);  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281. 

Culms  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall,  in  large  tufts,  often  spreading ;  sheaths 
loose,  hairy  at  the  throat;  blades  3  to  12  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide, 
usually  smooth;  spikes  1  to  3  inches  long;  spikelets  3-  to  6-flowered,  4 
to  5  mm.  long. 

This  grass  is  found  as  a  weed  in  dooryards  and  waste  places,  where 
it 'of  ten  spreads  and  forms  a  dense  mat  on  the  surface  which  is  ex- 
tremely hard  to  cut.  The  plants  are  annuals,  introduced  from  the 
warmer  countries  of  the  Old  World.  They  may  be  eradicated  by  the 
same  method  used  for  crab  grass,  Synfherisma  sanguinalis.  Dr.  Bren- 
del  collected  it  in  1873  in  Peoria.  His  record  was  the  first  for  that 
locality. 

CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Champaign,  Seymour,  July,  1880;  Urbana,  Mosher,  July, 
1914;  Urbana,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1898;  Urbana,  Gates,  Oct.,  1907;  Urbana,  Burrill, 
Sept.,  1878.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  Umbach, 
Aug.,  1898.  EDWARDS  co.  Albion,  Waite,  Aug.,  1887.  FULTON  CO.  Without  lo- 
cality, Pepoon.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co. 
Oquawka,  Patterson,  Aug.,  1877.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Sept.,  1913. 
MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson  in  1881.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M. 
S.  Bebb  in  1860.  PEORIA  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug., 
1885  and  1900.  POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1898.  WABASH  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  SchnecTc,  Aug.,  1879;  Hurd's  Ferry,  ScJinecJc,  June, 
1904;  Mt.  Carmel,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1877. 

45.    LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv. 

The  species  of  Leptochloa  may  be  recognized  by  their  peculiar 
inflorescence  consisting  of  a  large,  open  panicle  formed  of  numerous 
very  slender  spikes.  The  spikelets  are  several-flowered,  flattened,  with 
keeled  glumes  and  lemmas.  The  leaves  are  flat,  the  ligules  membra- 
nous, 3  to  4  mm.  long,  irregular  on  the  edge,  and  fringed.  Two  species, 
both  annuals,  were  found  on  the  original  prairie  in  Illinois,  but  they 
are  probably  rare  in  the  state  at  present. 


376 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Sheaths  pubescent;  spikelets  minute,  usually  1.5  to  2  mm.  long;  the  first  floret 
not  longer  than  the  second  glume.  L.  filiformis 

Sheaths  smooth,  spikelets  2.5  to  8  mm.  long;  first  floret  always  longer  than  the 
second  glume,  which  is  about  3  mm.  L.  fascicularis 

Leptochloa  fascicularis  (Lam.)  Gray 
(Fig.  205) 

Festuca  polystacliya,  Michaux  '03,  66.  Leptochloa  fascicularis,  Lapham  '57, 
546,  573;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281.  Diplachne  fascicularis,  Brendel  '87, 
88. 

Culms  in  tufts,  smooth,  8  to  24  inches  tall,  occasionally  taller; 
sheaths  smooth;  blades  3  to  10  inches  long,  2  to  10  mm.  wide;  spikes 
3  to  5  inches  long,  the  whole  inflorescence  6  to  20  inches  long ;  spikelets 
7-  to  11-flowered,  with  very  short  stalks,  glumes  unequal,  the  second 
about  3  mm.  long;  lemmas  short  awned,  about  4  mm.  long,  ciliate  on 
the  margin  near  the  base. 

Michaux  first  found  this  plant  in  Illinois.  It  grows  on  wet  prairie 
soil,  along  ditches,  and  in  damp  meadows. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Southern  Illinois,  Brendel;  ponds  in  Illinois  near  St. 
Louis,  Smith;  near  Cahokia  Mound,  Ward,  Aug.,  1878.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville, 
Bobertson,  July,  1882.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel  in  1850;  Mas- 
coutah,  Welsch.  w ABASH  co.  Without  locality,  SchnecJc,  July,  1880;  near  L.  E. 
and  St.  L.  railway,  Schneck,  June,  1900. 


205 


206 


207 


203\         204 

Figs.  203-207. — 203,  L.  filiformis,  inflorescence;  204,  L.  filiformis,  spikelet; 
205,  L.  fascicularis,  spikelet;  206,  P.  communis,  inflorescence;  207,  P.  communis, 
spikelet  • 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  377 

Leptochloa  filiformis  (Lam.)  Beauv. 
(Figs.  203  and  204) 

LeptocJiloa  mucronata,  Lapham  '57,  546,  573;  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78, 
281. 

Culms  smooth,  16  inches  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  papillose-pubescent ; 
blades  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  underneath,  4  to  10  inches  long,  2 
to  10  mm.  broad ;  spikes  2  to  4  inches  long,  the  whole  inflorescence  4 
to  12  inches  long ;  spikelets  small,  1  to  2.5  mm.  long ;  glumes  subequal, 
as  long  as  the  first  floret,  lemma  awnless. 

This  species  occurs  in  drier  places  than  does  L.  fascicularis.  It  is 
usually  found  in  fields. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Hall;  wet  places  in  Illinois,  Eggert, 
Sept.,  1877;  southern  Illinois,  Brendel.  MENARD  CO.  Athens,  Hall  in  1873. 
PULASKI  co.  Mound  City,  Vasey.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneclc,  July, 
1880. 

46.    PHRAGMITES  Trin. 

These  tall  reed-like  perennials  rarely  perfect  seed,  but  spread  by 
rootstocks  which  run  for  many  feet  underground.  The  inflorescence  is 
of  large  panicles  of  3-  to  7-flowered  spikelets,  the  rachilla  joints  densely 
covered  with  long,  white,  silky  hairs.  The  leaves  are  rather  broad  and 
thick,  narrowed  to  a  sharp  point.  The  ligules  are  short  and  thick, 
edged  with  a  fringe  of  short  hairs  sparsely  interspersed  with  long  ones. 

Phragmites  communis  Trin. 
Reed  (Figs.  206  and  207) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  584  (Plate  3,  Fig.  4);  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51; 
Flagg  '78,  282;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  143;  Huett  '97,  130; 
Cowles  '00,  155;  Sherff  '12,  418;  Gates  '12,  355;  Sherff,  '12,  418. 

Plants  smooth  thruout ;  culms  stout,  4  to  12  feet  tall ;  sheaths  over- 
lapping, blades  6  to  12  inches  long,  1  to  5  em.  wide ;  panicle  6  to  12 
inches  long,  yellowish  brown;  spikelets  12  to  15  mm.  long;  first  floret 
usually  staminate,  its  lemma  longer  than  that  of  the  other  florets. 

The  plants  are  found  in  wet  places,  along  the  edges  of  ditches, 
ponds,  etc.,  and  in  swamps. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Eantoul, 
Clinton,  Sept.,  1897.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Babcock,  Sept.,  1874;  Evanston,  Ship- 
man  in  1875;  Colehour,  Hill,  Sept.,  1876.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon. 
JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  LAKE  CO.  Beach,  Gates,  3166;  Fox 
lake,  Waite,  Sept.,  1887;  Lake  Villa,  Gleason  and  Shotoe,  Aug.,  1906.  LIVING- 
STON co.  Emington,  Wilcox,  July,  1902.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason.  OGLE 
co.  Oregon,  Waite,  Sept.,  1886.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1890; 
Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch;  French  Village,  Eggert, 
Sept.,  1892. 

47.    TRIDENS  Eoem.  and  Schult. 

In  this  genus  the  spikelets  are  5-  to  8-flowered,  with  nearly  all  the 
florets  perfect.  The  lemmas  have  a  short  awn  at  the  apex  with  a  sharp 


378 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


tooth  on  each  side,  and  the  midncrve  and  lateral  nerves  are  densely 
hairy  for  about  half  their  length.  The  leaves  are  flat,  long,  and  nar- 
row; the  ligule  is  a  fringe  of  short  hairs. 


208 


209 


210 


211 


<WV/«-»  JeUs7  ' 

Figs.  208-211. — 208,  T.  flaws,  inflorescence;  209,  T.  flaws,  spikelet;  210, 
T.  purpurea,  inflorescence;  211,  T.  purpurea,  spikelet 

Tridens  flavns   (L.)  Hitchc. 
Tall  Redtop  (Figs.  208  and  209) 

Poa  seslerioides,  Michaux  '03,  68.  Tricuspis  seslerioides,  Lapham  '57,  546, 
574  (Plate  2,  Fig.  7);  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  63; 
Gleason  '07,  182.  Tridens  flavus,  Gleason  '10,  149. 

Culms  slightly  flattened,  smooth,  3  to  6  feet  tall ;  sheaths  hairy  at 
the  throat ;  blades  rough,  4  to  12  inches  long,  6  to  12  mm.  wide,  nar- 
rowed to  a  sharp  point  at  tip ;  panicle  6  to  18  inches  long,  the  long 
branches  drooping,  usually  deep  purple,  sometimes  reddish ;  spikelets 
7  to  8  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  very  striking  and  handsome  with  its  large  purple 
panicles.  It  has  a  yellow  form,  but  no  Illinois  specimens  of  this  have 
been  seen.  When  in  bloom,  the  panicle,  axis,  and  branches  are  covered 
with  a  viscid,  oily  substance,  which  makes  them  very  sticky.  This 
species  was  one  of  the  grasses  of  the  original  prairie,  and  is  still  quite 
abundant  thruout  the  state. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  379 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey.  ADAMS  CO. 
Quincy,  Bebb,  July,  1860.  CASS  co.  Chandlerville,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1886.  CHRIS- 
TIAN co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  JACKSON 
co.  Carbondale,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  JERSEY  co.  Grafton,  Seymour.  PEORIA 
co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1895  and  Sept.,  1903.  ST.  CLAIR 
co.  Without  locality,  Eggert,  Sept.,  1886;  Maseoutah,  Welsch.  UNION  co.  Cob- 
den,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  AVABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer. 

48.  TRIPLASIS  Bcauv. 

These  grasses  are  perennials  with  small  panicles  of  2-  to  6-flowered 
spikelets  which  have  the  three  nerves  of  the  lemma,  as  well  as  the  palea, 
densely  hairy.  The  glumes  are.  unequal  and  keeled,  the  lemmas  are 
toothed  at  the  end,  somewhat  like  Tridens.  The  leaves  are  long,  very 
narrow,  and  usually  involute.  The  ligule  is  a  fringe  of  hairs  1  to  2  mm. 
long. 

Triplasis  purpurea  (Walt.)  Champ. 
Sand  Grass  (Figs.  210  and  211) 

Tricuspis  purpurea,  Patterson  '76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281.  Triplasis  purpurea, 
Brendel  '87,  88.  Tricuspis  purpurea,  Gleason  '10,  149. 

Culms  in  tufts  1  to  2  feet  high,  smooth ;  sheaths  loose,  shorter  than 
the  internodes ;  blades  small,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  not  over  3  mm.  wide,  usually  involute;  panicles  1  to  3  inches 
long,  usually  purplish,  late  in  the  season  inclosed  in  the  upper  sheaths ; 
spikelets  5  to  8  mm.  long,  the  awn  of  the  lemma  very  short. 

This  grass  is  most  abundant  in  sandy  places,  being  first  reported 
in  Illinois  from  sandy  prairies  and  barrens. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CASS  co.  Beardstown,  Mc- 
Donald, Sept.,  1901.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1872.  MASON 
co.  Without  locality,  Wolf.  WABASH  co.  Hanging  Eock,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1900; 
Mt.  Carmel,  SchnecTc,  Oct.,  1876. 

49.     ERAGROSTIS  Beauv. 

These  grasses  vary  considerably  in  habit.  There  are  both  annual 
and  perennial  species.  The  panicles  are  composed  of  2-  to  many-flow- 
ered spikelets.  The  glumes  are  keeled  and  shorter  than  the  florets.  The 
leaves  are  generally  flat  and  narrow ;  the  ligule  is  composed  of  a  row 
of  hairs.  Owing  to  the  great  variation  in  the  number  of  florets  in  a 
spikelet,  the  same  species  may  present  a  very  different  appearance 
under  different  conditions  and  at  different  seasons  of  the  year. 
Eragrostis  Jiypnoides  is  dioecious ;  the  lemmas  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
are  always  slightly  narrower  and  more  pointed  than  those  of  the 
staminate.  The  lemmas  of  many  species  fall  with  the  grain  when  it  is 
ripe,  leaving  the  paleas  attached  to  the  rachilla. 

a.     Culms  erect  or  ascending,  not  creeping  along  the  ground  and  rooting  at  the 

nodes, 
b.     Spikelets  usually  less  than  5-flowered,  2  to  3  mm.  long. 


380 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


c.     Spikelets  on  capillary  pedicels  which  are  at  least  5  mm.  long;  plants 
branched  at  the  base;  length  and  breadth  of  the  panicle  approxi- 
mately equal.  E.  capillaris 
cc.     Spikelets  borne  on  stiff  pedicels  which  are  less  than  5  mm.  long; 
plants  branched  from  above  the  base;  panicles  much  longer  than 
broad.  E.  frankii 
bb.     Spikelets  usually  more  than  5-flowered,  5  to  16  mm.  long. 

c.  Plants  usually  less  than  18  inches  tall,  in  dense  tufts,  often  spread- 
ing; panicles  small,  densely  flowered,  with  short  branches;  annuals, 
usually  gray-green  in  color. 

d.  Spikelets  1.5  mm.  or  less  in  width,  without  glandular  spots; 
throat  of  sheath  and  bases  of  lower  panicle  branches  densely 
pubescent.  E.  pilosa 

dd.  Spikelets  2  to  3  mm.  wide,  the  keels  of  the  glumes  and  lemmas 
and  their  pedicels  with  glandular  spots;  throat  of  sheath  and 
bases  of  lower  panicle  branches  not  densely  pubescent. 

E.  cilianen'sis 

cc.     Plants  usually  more  than  18  inches  tall ;  panicles  large,  loosely  flow- 
ered, purplish  or  yellowish;  perennials. 

d.     Panicles  purplish,  a  conspicuous  tuft  of  hairs  in  the  axils;  lem- 
mas 1.5  to  2  mm.  long.  E.  pectinacea 
dd.     Panicles  yellowish,  often  tinged  with  purple;  axils  naked;  lem- 
mas 2.5  to  3  mm.  long.  'E.  trichodes 
Culms  creeping  along  the  ground,  rooting  at  the  nodes;  an  annual  of  wet 
places.                                                                                              E.  hypnoides 


215 


216 


217 


212      "  213    -  214 

Figs.  212-218. — Spikelets:    212,  E.  capillaris;    213,  E.  cilianensis;    214,  E. 
frankii;  215,  E.  hypnoides;   216,  E.  pectinacea;   217,  E.  pilosa;   218,  E.  trichodes 


Eragrostis  capillaris  (L.)  Nees 
(Fig.  212) 

Lapham  '57,  581;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  64; 
Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  branched  at  the  base,  simple  above,  growing  in  tufts,  6  to  24 
inches  tall;  sheaths  smooth  or  sparsely  pubescent;  blades  3  to  10 
inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  with  a  few  hairs'  near  the  base ;  ligule  a 
fringe  of  hairs,  1  to  2  mm.  long;  panicle  usually  nearly  the  whole 
length  of  the  plant,  always  more  than  half,  diffuse,  the  branches  capil- 
lary, the  pedicels  mostly  over  5  mm.  long;  spikelets  2-  to  4-flowered, 
2  to  3  mm.  long. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  381 

This  delicate  species  is  native  to  Illinois.  It  resemble's  E.  frankii 
more  th*an  any  other  species,  but  its  panicle  is  always  longer.  It  is 
found  in  dry  sandy  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Hall;  Spoon  river,  Brendel  in  1859; 
Carson,  Eggert  in  1878.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  DU  PAGE  co. 
Hinsdale,  Smith,  Sept.,  1902.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  jo  DAVIESS 
co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead  in  1843.  LAKE  co. 
Channel  lake,  Haynes,  Aug.,  1905.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug., 
1882.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1892  and  1897;  Peoria,  Brendel. 
POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July,  1898.  ST.  CLAIB  CO.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WA- 
BASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer;  Hanging  Eock,  Schneclc,  Sept.,  1904;  Mt. 
Carinel,  Schneclc,  July,  1900. 

Eragrostis  cilianensis  (All.)  Link 
Candy  Grass.    Stink  Grass.    Snake  Grass  (Fig.  213) 

Eragrostis  megastachya,  Lapham  '57,  547,  580.  E.  poaeoides  var.  megas- 
tachya,  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Higley  and  Eaddin 
'91,  144.  Eragrostis  major,  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  8  to  24  inches  tall,  usually  spreading ;  sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  hairy  at  the  throat ;  blades  rough  on  the  upper  surface, 
2  to  6  inches  long ;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs  1  to  3  mm.  long ;  panicle  dark 
gray-green,  2  to  6  inches  long;  spikelets  5  to  25  mm.  long,  10-  to  40- 
flowered ;  lemmas  2  to  2.5  mm.  long ;  pedicels  and  keels  of  the  glumes 
and  lemmas  glandular. 

This  grass  is  abundant  everywhere  in  the  state.  It  was  introduced 
into  the  United  States  from  Europe  and  is  a  well-known  weed  in 
gardens  and  waste  places.  It  is  easily  controlled  by  thoro  cultivation. 
The  glands  on  the  spikelets  give  out  a  strong  and  rather  disagreeable 
odor. 

COOK  co.  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  A.  Chase  1182;  Eogers  Park,  Johnson,  July, 
1890;  Chicago,  A.  Chase,  Aug.,  1899;  Chicago,  Babcock,  Aug.,  1874;  Evanston, 
Johnson,  Sept.,  1888;  Chicago,  Lansing  in  1897;  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  Lansing, 
July,  1898.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Without  locality,  Percival,  Nov.,  1876;  Urbana, 
Seymour,  June,  1880;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Sept.,  1913;  Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1895; 
Urbana,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898;  Champaign,  Mosher,  Aug.,  1913.  CHRISTIAN  CO. 
Taylorville,  De  Motte;  Taylorville,  Andrews.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Aug., 
1902.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  JO  DAVIESS  CO.  Without  locality, 
Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson  in  1871.  KANE  co.  Elgin,  Sherff 
1790.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Eeecher,  Aug.,  1899.  LAKE  co.  Channel  lake, 
Haynes,  Aug.,  1905.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1878;  Kingwood, 
Vasey.  MASON  co.  Havana,  Burrill  and  Clinton,  June,  1894.  PEORIA  co.  Peo- 
ria, McDonald,  Aug.,  1904;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  V.  H.  Chase  125.  ST.  CLAIB 
co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  CO.  Without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel, 
SchnccTc,  Oct.,  1902. 

Eragrostis  frankii  (Fisch.  Mey.  and  Lall.)  Steud. 

(Fig.  214) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  580;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281; 
Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  Huett  '97,  130;  Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  sometimes  erect,  but  often  spreading  and  forming  a  dense 


382  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

tuft,  6  to  16'  inches  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs 
with  longer  hairs  at  the  margin ;  blades  2  to  5  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm. 
wide,  rough  on  the  upper  surface;  panicle  spreading,  usually  dark 
gray-green,  the  pedicels  less  than  5  mm.  long,  giving  the  panicle  a 
denser  app.earance  than  in  E.  capillaris;  spikelets  3-  to  5-flowered,  2 
to  3  mm.  long,  lemmas  about  1.5  mm.  long. 

These  plants  are  generally  much  smaller  than  those  of  E.  capillaris, 
which  it  resembles  considerably.  It  is  also  a  darker  green  with  denser 
panicles  and  grows  in  rather  damp  places,  altho  it  is  found  along  road- 
sides and  various  waste  places. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  Cahokia,  Eggert,  Sept.,  1878. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Mahomet,  Burrill  and  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880;  Urbana,  Clinton, 
Sept.,  1895;  Urbana,  Gibbs,  Sept.,  1898.  COOK  CO.  Grand  Crossing,  A.  Chase, 
Sept.,  1902;  Evanston,  Johnson,  Sept.,  1886.  FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf.  MC- 
HENRY  co.  Kingwood,  Vasey;  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1879.  MACON  co.  De- 
catur,  Clolcey,  Aug.,  1897.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug.,  1880. 
MENARD  CO.  Without  locality,  Hall.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1897 
and  1899;  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Mascoutah, 
Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1260.  WABASH  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, Shearer,  July,  1900;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1900.  WINNEBAGO  CO. 
Fountaindale,  M.  S.  Bebb. 

Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  B.  S.  P. 
Creeping  Eragrostis  (Fig.  215) 

Poa  reptans,  Michaux  '03,  69.  Eragrostis  reptans,  Lapham  '57,  547,  580 
(Plate  2,  Fig.  13);  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley 
and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  Huett  '97,  130.  Eragrostis  hypnoides,  Gleason  '12,  44; 
Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  creeping  along  the  ground  and  rooting  at  the  nodes,  8  to  20 
inches  long ;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat ;  blades  1  to  2  inches  long,  1 
to  2  mm.  wide,  rough  above ;  spikelets  smooth  or  sparsely  pubescent, 
1.0-  to  35-flowercd,  5  to  15  mm.  long,  lemmas  about  2.5  mm.  long,  the 
nerves  very  prominent. 

This  grass  is  found  in  wet  places,  generally  along  the  margins  of 
ditches,  rivers,  lakes,  etc.  It  prefers  sandy  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Northern  Illinois,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1858;  Eagle  I.,  Miss- 
issippi bottoms,  Patterson  in  1871 ;  Cahokia  Mound,  Ward,  Aug.,  1878.  CHAM- 
PAIGN co.  Urbana,  Waite,  Sept.,  1884;  Urbana,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1895.  CHRISTIAN 
co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  CO.  Palos  Park,  Umbach,  Sept.,  1909.  DTJ 
PAGE  co.  Naperville;  Umbach,  Sept.,  1899.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pe- 
poon.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon,  Aug.,  1908.  HENDERSON  co. 
Banks  of  Mississippi  near  Oquawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1871.  KANE  CO.  Elgin, 
banks  of  Fox  river,  Umbach,  July,  1895.  LAKE  CO.  Skokie  marsh  near  Wauke- 
gan,  Sherff,  Aug.,  1911;  Channel  lake,  Haynes,  Aug.,  1905.  MCHENRY  co.  King- 
wood,  Vasey.  MADISON  co.  Without  locality,  Eggert,  Sept.,  1886.  PEORIA  co. 
Peoria,  McDonald,  Sept.,  1900;  Peoria,  Brendel.  POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July, 
1898.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Near  Wady  Petra,  V.  H. 
Chase,  Aug.,  1897.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Aug.,  1899;  Banks  of 
Wabash  at  Hurd's  Ferry,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1888;  banks  of  Wabash  river  at  Grand 
Rapids,  Schncck,  Oct.,  1880;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1900;  Mt.  Carmel,  Waite, 
Aug.,  1887, 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  383 

Eragrostis  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Nees 
Purple  Eragrostis  (Fig.  216) 

Poa  pectinacea,  Michaux  '03,  69;  Engelmann  '44,  104.  Eragrostis  specta- 
bilis,  Lapham  '57,  547,  581;  Patterson  '76,  51.  Eragrostis  pectinacea,  Flagg  '78, 
282;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  Huett  '97,  130;  Gleason  '07, 
182;  Gleason  '10,  149. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall,  simple;  sheaths  usually  sparsely  pubescent 
but  often  smooth,  bearded  at  the  throat ;  blades  4  to  12  inches  long,  4 
to  8  mm.  wide,  rough  above,  pubescent  near  the  base ;  panicles  purple, 
large  and  spreading,  with  a  conspicuous  tuft  of  hairs  in  the  axils,  some- 
times partially  included  in  the  upper  sheaths ;  spikelets  on  long,  stiff 
pedicels,  5-  to  15-flowered,  3  to  8  mm.  long;  lemmas  1.5  to  2  mm.  long. 

This  grass  is  very  conspicuous  in  the  autumn,  with  its  large  purple 
panicles.  These  often  break  off  and  blow  before  the  wind  like  tumble* 
weeds.  It  prefers  dry  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Hall;  without  locality,  Vasey.  CASS 
CO.  Chandlerville,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1886.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Clinton,  Aug., 
1895;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1912.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  JO 
DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  413.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson 
in  1872.  MACOTJPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson.  MASON  co.  Sand  hills,  Wolf; 
Manito,  Wilcox,  July,  1902.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall,  Sept.,  1861  and  1864. 
OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite,  Aug.,  1884.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1887, 
1900  and  1905;  Peoria,  Brendel;  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase  757.  UNION  co.  Cob- 
den,  Seymour,  Oct.,  1881.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  Aug.,  1880; 
without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Aug.,  1880. 

Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv. 

(Fig.  217) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  580;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281; 
Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  erect,  branched  at  the  base,  6  to  18  inches  tall ;  sheaths  with 
long  hairs  at  the  throat,  otherwise  smooth ;  blades  1  to  5  inches  long,  2 
to  3  mm.  wide ;  panicle  open  but  rather  narrow,  usually  a  tuft  of  long 
hairs  at  the  base  of  the  lower  branches ;  spikelets  narrow,  5-  to  18-flow- 
ered,  4  to  9  mm.  long ;  lower  lemmas  1.5  mm.  long. 

This  is  the  commonest  species  of  Eragrostis  in  Illinois ;  it  is  found 
in  waste  places  everywhere. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CASS  CO.  Chandlerville, 
Hall,  Aug.,  1880.  CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Urbana,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1895;  Urbana,  Mosher, 
Oct.,  1913;  Champaign,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1899;  Champaign,  Seymour,  July,  1880. 
COOK  CO.  Riverside,  Moffatt,  Aug.,  1891;  Evanston,  Johnston,  Aug.,  1889;  Ra- 
venswood,  Chicago,  Gates,  Aug.,  1906;  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  A.  Chase,  Aug.,  1899; 
Chicago,  Babcock,  Sept.,  1874.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  927. 
KANE  co.  Elgin,  Sherff  1791.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  Aug.,  1913. 
MCHENRY  CO.  Ringwood,  Vasey;  Algonquin,  Nason,  Aug.,  1879.  MACON  CO. 
Decatur,  Cloltey,  Aug.,  1897.  MACOUPIN  CO.  Carlinville,  Eobertson,  July,  1879. 
MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall  in  1862  and  1864.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel  in 
1859;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1887.  PIATT  co.  Deland,  Seymour,  Sept.,  1889. 
ROCK  ISLAND  co.  Eock  Island,  McDonald,  July,  1893.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah, 
Wclsch.  STARK  co.  V.  H.  Chase  124  and  1544.  UNION  co.  Cobden,  Seymour, 


33*4  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Aug.,  1880;  Anna,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer, 
Aug.,  1897;  Kurd's  Ferry,  Schneck,  July,  1871;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1879; 
Bellmont,  SchnecTc,  Aug.,  1889. 

Eragrostis  trichodes  (Nutt.)  Nash 
(Fig.  218) 

Eragrostis  tennis,  Lapham  '57,  547,  581;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281; 
Bromlcl  '87,  88;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  McDonald  '00,  103.  Eracjroslis 
trichodes,  Gleason  '07,  182;  Gleason.  '10,  149. 

Culms  erect,  2  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  long,  overlapping  one  another, 
smooth,  hairy  at  the  throat ;  blades  4  to  30  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm. 
wide,  slightly  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  stiff  and  pointed  at  the 
tip  ;  panicles  much  longer  than  wide,  spreading  and  open,  the  spikelets 
borne  on  long,  hair-like  pedicels;  spikelets  usually  yellowish,  3-  to  10- 
flowered,  lemmas  2.5  to  3  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  abundantly  in  the  dry,  sandy  areas  thruout 
the  state. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Brendel  in  1861; 
Carson,  Eggert,  May,  1878.  CASS  CO.  Beardstown,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1892 ;  Chand- 
lerville,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1886.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  HENDERSON 
co.  Without  locality,  Patterson;  near  Oqnawka,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1871.  LA  SALLK 
co.  Starved  Eock,  Waite,  Aug.,  1884.  MADISON  co.  Without  locality,  Egbert, 
Aug.,  1878.  MASON  co.  Without  locality,  Wolf;  Havana,  Trelease  in  1914. 
MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall  in  1861. 

Engelmann  ( '44,  p.  104)  cites  Poa  hirsuta,nowE.  Jiirsuta,  as  occur- 
ring in  the  state,  but  no.  specimens  of  this  have  been  seen,  and  it  is 
doubtful  whether  the  species  was  correctly  determined.  Higley  and 
Raddin  ( '91,  p.  144)  cite  Eragrostis  minor,  a  European  species  but 
sparingly  introduced  into  this  country.  Out  of  many  specimens  labeled 
E.  minor  in  collections  which  were  examined,  not  one  proved  to  be 
correctly  determined ;  all  were  small  specimens  of  E.  ciliancnsis. 

50.   MELICA  L. 

Melic  Grass 

-  These  grasses  are  perennials  with  paniculate  inflorescence.  The 
spikelets  are  large,  from  7  to  12  mm.  long.  The  glumes  and  lemmas 
are  thin  and  papery,  with  a  broad,  transparent  margin  which  is  con- 
siderably roughened.  The  spikelets  are  2-  to  several-flowered,  the  upper 
sterile  lemmas  reduced  to  club-shaped  or  hood-like  rudiments  (Fig. 
222).  The  leaf  sheaths  are  closed  and  the  blades  are  long  and  narrow 
with  long  membranous  ligules. 

Glumes  nearly  equal  in  length  and  almost  or  quite  as  long  as  the  2-flowered  spike- 
let;  panicle  simple  or  but  little  branched.  M.  mittica 

Glumes  unequal  and  considerably  shorter  than  the  spikelct,  which  is  usually  3- 
flowered;  panicle  compound,  the  branches  spreading.  ^f.  nil  ens 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


385 


Melica  mutica  Walt. 
Narrow  Melic  Grass  (Figs.  223  and  224) 

Melica  speciosa,  Engelmann  '44,  103.  M.  mutica,  Lapham  '57,  576;  Flagg 
'78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  erect,  2  to  3  feet  tall,  slender ;  sheaths  usually  overlapping ; 
blades  rough,  4  to  8  inches  long,  2  to  10  mm.  wide ;  panicles  narrow 
with  short,  ascending  branches,  or  reduced  to  a  raceme;  spikelets  7 
to  10  mm.  long,  rough,  nodding ;  lemmas  6  to  8  mm.  long ;  both  glumes 
and  lemmas  with  thin,  whitish  margins;  glumes  nearly  equal,  almost 
or  quite  as  long  as  the  floret. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  open  woods. 

HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  MACOUPIN  co.  Without  locality,  Rob- 
ertson. MARION  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel. 


222 


219 


231 


223 


Figs.  219-224. — 219,  M.  nitens,  inflorescence;  221,  M.  nitens,  spikelet;  222, 
M.  nitens,  sterile  lemma;  223,  M.  mutica,  spikelet;  224,  M.  mutica,  inflorescence 

Melica  nitens  Nutt. 
Tall  Melic  Grass  (Figs.  219,  221,  and  222) 

Culms  2.5  to  4  feet  tall,  rather  stout;  sheaths  smooth,  blades  4  to  8 
inches  long,  4  to  8  mm.  wide ;  panicle  usually  spreading,  with  numerous 
spikelets;  spikelets  10  to  12  mm.  long,  usually  3-flowered;  lemmas  7 
to  9  mm.  long,  rough  with  thin,  transparent  border ;  glumes  unequal 
and  the  first  glume  shorter  than  the  second,  both  considerably  shorter 
tli an  the  spikelet. 


386  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

This  species  is  much  more  abundant  than  M.  mutica  in  Illinois. 
It  is  probable  that  the  two  species  have  been  confused.  M.  mutica  is  a 
smaller  and  more  delicate  plant,  but  the  species  are  most  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  spikelet  characters. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville, 
Andrews.  COOK  co.  Lemont,  Hill,  June,  1899.  JOHNSON  co.  Tunnel  Hill, 
Schneck,  May,  1902.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill  27  in  1872.  MACON  CO.  De- 
catur,  Clolcey,  May,  1899.  OGLE  co.  Oregon,  Waite,  June,  1885.  PEOKIA  co. 
Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1885,  and  1894;  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  CO.  Mas- 
coutah,  Welsch.  SANGAMON  co.  Springfield,  M.  S.  Bebb.  STARK  co.  Near  Wady 
Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1092.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  June,  1914.  WABASH 
CO.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  June,  1895  and  1901;  without  locality,  Shearer, 
June,  1895.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Hill  11  in  1907. 

51.    DIARINA   Raf. 

This  genus  is  easily  distinguished  by  its  large  spikelets  with  large, 
hardened,  shiny  lemmas.  The  plants  are  perennial  with  long,  creeping 
rootstocks  and  simple  culms.  The  leaves  are  stiff,  rather  broad,  and 
nearly  as  long  as  the  culm.  The  ligule  is  membranous  and  very  short. 
The  spikelets  are  3-  to  5-flowered,  but  the  upper  florets  bear  no  seed. 

Diarina  f  estucoides  Raf . 

(Figs.  225  and  226) 

Diarrhena  amerieana,  Engelmann  '44,  103.  Diarrhena  diandra,  Lapham  '57, 
546,  574  (Plate  2,  Fig.  8).  Diarrhena  amerieana,  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson 
•76,  50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '81,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  Huett 
'97,  130. 

Culms  erect,  3  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  usually  rough- 
ened, 8  to  30  inches  long,  10  to  18  mm.  wide;  panicles  narrow,  few- 
flowered,  4  to  10  inches  long;  spikelets  10  to  16  mm.  long,  lemmas 
usually  brown. 

This  species  is  found  in  rich,  damp  woods. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Clinton,  Oct.,  1895.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  PULTON  co.  With- 
out locality,  Pepoon;  Canton,  Wolf.  MENARD  CO.  Without  locality,  Hall,  Aug., 
1868.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel. 
ST  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Along  Spoon  river,  V.  H.  Chase 
1539.  TAZEWELL  co.  Without  locality,  McDonald,  July,  1889.  VERMILION  co. 
Muneie,  Mosher,  May,  1814.  WABASH  co.  Banks  of  the  Wabash  river,  Schneck, 
July,  1904;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1880;  Mt.  Carmel,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1877. 

52.   UNIOLA   L. 

Spike  Grass 

This  typically  southern  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  in 
Illinois.  The  plants  are  very  striking,  with  broad  leaves  and  an  open, 
drooping  panicle  of  large  flattened  spikelets.  The  spikelets  are  6-  to 
12-flowered,  1  to  4  of  the  lower  lemmas  being  empty.  This  species 
is  found  in  shaded  woods  and  thickets.  It  is  most  distinctive  and  per- 
haps the  most  beautiful  grass  found  in  Illinois. 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


387 


Uniola  latifolia  Michx. 

Broad-leaved  Spike  Grass  (Fig.  227) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  583  (Plate  3,  Fig.  3);  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282; 
Brendel  '87,  88. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  2  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than 
the  internodes ;  ligule  membranous,  the  edges  erose,  about  1  mm.  long ; 
blades  4  to  10  inches  long,  5  to  20  mm.  wide,  sharply  pointed  at  the 
apex,  the  edges  rough  and  often  ciliate  near  the  base ;  panicle  branches 
slender,  drooping  with  the  weight  of  the  large  spikelets ;  spikelets  15 
to  30  mm.  long,  the  lemmas  9  to  12  mm.  long,  keeled,  ciliate  on  the  keel. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey.  CHRIS- 
TIAN CO.  Taylorvillc,  Andrews.  JACKSON  co.  Makamla,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880. 
KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill,  June,  1870.  MACON  co.  Dccutur,  Clolcey,  Aug., 
1896.  MACOUPIN  CO.  Carlinville,  Eobertson,  Aug.,  1880.  MENARD  co.  Athens, 
Hall  in  1868.  POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July,  1898.  PULASKI  co.  Mound  (Jity, 
Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel,  Aug.,  1850;  Mascojitah,  Welsch. 
UNION  co.  Cobden,  Seymour  37.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer;  Old 
Palmyra,  Schneck,  Aug.,  1904;  Hanging  Kock,  Schneck,  Oct.,  1900;  Mt.  Carmel, 
Schneck,  July,  1879. 


( 


n 


226 


226 


229 


Figs.  225-229. — 225,  D.  diandra,  inflorescence;  226,  D.  diandra,  spikelet; 
227,  U.  latifolia,  inflorescence;  228,  D.  glomerata,  spikelet;  229,  D.  glomerata, 
inflorescence 

53.   DACTYLIS   L. 

This  European  genus  is  represented  in  Illinois  by  a  single  species. 
D.  glomerata.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  peculiar  form  of  the  panicle 
which  is  composed  of  one-sided  clusters  of  densely  crowded  spikelets 
at  the  ends  of  the  stiff,  naked  branches.  The  branches  spread  at  flow- 
ering, but  contract  at  maturity.  The  spikelets  are  2-  to  5-flowercd,  flat- 
tened; the  lemmas  arc  ciliate  and  awn-pointed.  The  leaves  are  long 
and  narrow,  the  ligule  thin  and  membranous,  1  to  5  mm.  long. 


388  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Dactylis  glomerata  L. 
Orchard  Grass.  Cock's-foot  (Figs.  228  and  229) 

Lapham  '57,  546,  575  (Plate  2,  Fig.  9);  Babeock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Flagg  '78,  281;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  rough,  2  to  4  feet  tall,  in  large  tufts ;  sheaths  rough,  some- 
what flattened  and  keeled ;  blades  flat,  usually  rough  on  both  surfaces, 
3  to  9  inches  long,  1  to  6  mm.  wide;  panicles  3  to  6  inches  long, 
branches  stiff,  the  spikelets  clustered  at  the  ends ;  spikelets  3-  to  4-flow- 
ered ;  lemmas  4  to  6  mm.  long,  rough,  ciliate  on  the  keel. 

This  grass  is  cultivated  extensively  as  a  forage  grass.  It  grows 
well  in  shady  places.  It  is  a  perennial  grass  which  soon  becomes  per- 
manently established,  being  found  in  waste  places  thruout  the  state. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Burrill,  June,  1878:  Urbana,  Clinton,  June,  1897. 
CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Evanston,  Shipman;  Winnetka, 
Sherff  1924.  pu  PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Umbach,  May,  1896.  FULTON  co.  Can- 
ton, Wolf,  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kanka- 
kee,  Beecher,  July,  1908;  Kankakee,  De  Selm,  June,  1913.  LAKE  co.  Bavinia, 
Gates  1698.1.  MACON  co.  Decatur,  CloTcey,  May,  1899.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlin- 
ville,  Robertson,  May,  1883.  PEOEIA  CO.  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1896;  Peoria, 
Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK 
co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  57.  w ABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  July,  1888. 
AVILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels,  June,  1904. 

54.  POA  L. 

This  genus  includes  a  large  number  of  species  in  the  cooler  parts  of 
the  country.  The  plants  are  mostly  perennials,  but  two  of  our  common 
species  are  annuals.  The  spikelets  are  2-  to  6-flowered,  usually  in  open 
panicles  like  those  of  the  well-known  Kentucky  blue  grass.  Nearly  all 
our  species  have  a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  lemma. 
The  leaves  are  narrow,  and  have  a  boat-shaped  tip ;  the  ligules  are 
membranous,  sometimes  4  or  5  mm.  long. 

a.     Culms  less  than  a  foot  tall,  low,  tufted,  winter  annuals. 

b.     Lemmas  webbed  at  the  base,  apparently  3-nerved,  the  intermediate  nerves 
obscure.  P.  chapmaniana 

bb.     Lemmas  not  webbed  at  the  base,  distinctly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  all  prom- 
inent. P.  annua 
aa.     Culms  normally  much  over  a  foot  tall;  perennial  grasses. 

b.     Lemmas  with  all  the  nerves  smooth.  P.  debilis 

bb.     Lemmas  with  some  of  the  nerves  pubescent. 

c.     Intermediate  nerves  of  the  lemma  prominent. 

d.     Midnerve  pubescent  for  its  whole  length  or  nearly  so ;  the  second 

glume  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  spikclet.  P.  sylvestris 

dd.     Midnerve  never  pubescent  for  its  whole  length ;    second   glume 

never  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 

e.     Plants  with  long,  creeping  rootstocks;  spikelets  usually  less 

than  5  mm.  long;  panicle  branches  spikelet -bearing  below 

the  middle.  P.  pratensis 

ee.     Plants  without  rootstocks;  spikelets  5  or  6  mm.  long;  panicle 

branches  spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends  only.  P.  wolfii 

cc.     Intermediate  nerves  of  the  lemma  obscure. 

f.     Marginal  nerves  smooth;   glumes  narrow.  P.  alsodcs 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  ov  ILLINOIS 


389 


ff.     Marginal  nerves  pubescent;  glumes  broad. 

g.  Stems  strongly  flattened;  plants  with  long,  creeping 
rootstocks;  nerves  of  lemma  with  short  pubescence 
near  base;  panicle  usually  narrow.  P.  compressa 
gg.  Stems  not  flattened;  plants  without  creeping  root- 
stocks;  nerves  of  lemma  with  long  pubescence  near 
base;  panicle  spreading.  P.  palustris 


231 


232 


Figs.  230-233.— Spikelets;  230,  P.  alsodcs;  231,  P.  annua;  232,  P.  chap- 
maniana;  233,  P.  compressa 

Poa  alsodes  Gray 
Grove  Meadow  Grass  (Fig.  230) 

Patterson   '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel   '87,  88. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  the  upper  often  inclosing 
the  base  of  the  panicle ;  blades  6  to  12  inches  long,  2  to  5  mm.  wide ; 
panicle  branches  in  whorls;  spikelets  2-  to  3-flowered,  about  5  mm. 
long,  the  lemmas  faintly  nerved,  the  midnerve  long  pubescent  near  the 
base,  the  marginal  and  intermediate  nerves  smooth. 

This  species  is  apparently  rare  in  Illinois.  It  grows  in  shady 
places  in  woods  and  groves. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.     Brownfield  Woods  near  Urbana,  Pease,  May,  1909. 

Foa  annua  L. 

Annual  Meadow  Grass.    Low  Spear  Grass  (Fig.  231) 

Lapham  '57,  546,  578;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281; 
Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin,  '91,  144. 

Culms  2  to  12  inches  tall,  somewhat  flattened,  forming  dense  tufts, 
often  decumbent,  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  sheaths  loose, 
smooth;  blades  1  to  4  inches  long,  soft  and  smooth;  panicle  open; 
spike]  ets  3-  to  6-flowered,  3  to  5  mm.  long,  usually  4  mm. ;  lemmas  not 
webby  at  the  base,  distinctly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  pubescent  at  the 
base. 

This  species  was  naturalized  from  Europe  and  is  much  less  common 
than  our  native  species,  P.  chapmaniana,  with  which  it  has  been  con- 
fused. It  is  a  winter  annual  found  in  both  cultivated  and  waste 
ground.  It  dies  out  in  summer,  leaving  brown  patches  in  lawns  and 
fields  where  it  has  been  growing. 

CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  CLARK  co.  Cosey.  Price.  May,  1916. 
COOK  CO.  West  Pullman,  Uiribacli,  May,  1898.  DU  PAGE  co.  Nnpervillc,  TJmbacJi, 


390  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

May,  1898;  West  Chicago,  Umbach,  July,  1898.  JACKSON  co.  Without  locality, 
Lapham.  MCHENRY  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel.  MARION  co.  Without  local- 
ity, M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860.  WABASH  CO.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  Apr.,  1895 ;  Mt. 
Carmel,  Trelease  and  Schneck,  May,  1888.  WINNEBAGO  CO.  Without  locality,  M. 
S.  Bebb,  May,  1859. 

Poa  chapmaniana  Scribn. 
Chapman's  Spear  Grass  (Fig.  232) 

Culms  in  tufts,  2  to  12  inches  tall,  cylindrical,  erect ;  sheaths  close, 
smooth ;  blades  1  to  4  inches  long,  smooth ;  spikelets  3-  to  7-flowered,  3 
to  5  mm.  long;  lemmas  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  intermediate 
nerves  obscure,  the  others  sometimes  pubescent  near  base. 

This  species  was  not  distinguished  from  P.  annua  by  the  earlier 
botanists  of  the  state.  Brendel  seems  first  to  have  noticed  the  differ- 
ence, stating  it  was  an  annual  like  P.  annua  with  a  spikelet  like  that 
of  P.  pratensis.  Schneck  spoke  of  it  as  a  variety  of  P.  annua  that  pre- 
ferred dry  soil  in  worn-out  fields.  It  is  a  very  distinct  species,  easily 
separated  from  P.  annua.  It  also  is  a  winter  annual. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Clinton,  May,  1899;  Urbann,  Burrill,  June,  1880.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville, 
Andrews,  May,  1894  and  1899.  EFFINGHAM  CO.  Edgewood,  Holden,  May,  1898. 
MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1861;  Salem,  M.  S.  Bebb;  Odin, 
Greene  in  1908.  MENARD  co"  Without  locality,  Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA  co.  Peo- 
ria,  Brendel,  June,  1859  and  1860.  ST.  CLAIR  CO.  Without  locality.  Brendel; 
Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  May,  1897 ;  without 
locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  May,  1904;  Mt.  Carmel,  Trelease  nii-l 
Schneck,  May,  1888. 

Poa  compressa  L. 

Canada- Blue  Grass.    Wire  Grass  (Fig.  233) 

Lapham  '57,  546,  579;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  64; 
Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144;  Huett  '97,  130;  Cowles  '00,  91,  158,  176;  Gleason 
'10,  149;  Gates  '12,  355;  Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  strongly  flattened,  usually  bent  at  the  base  and  arising  from 
long,  running  rootstocks ;  sheaths  loose,  smooth ;  blades  1  to  4  inches 
long,  rough  above;  panicles  narrow,  densely  flowered;  spikelets  vari- 
able as  to  size,  3-  to  9-flowered,  4  to  6  mm.  long,  usually  with  a  bronze 
tinge ;  lemmas  webbed  at  base,  2  to  2.5  mm.  long,  obscurely  nerved,  the 
midnerve  usually  pubescent  about  to  the  middle,  the  others  only  at  the 
base. 

Poa  compressa  is  one  of  our  most  common  grasses,  altho  it  was 
introduced  from  Europe.  It  has  made  its  way  into  all  the  patches  of 
original  prairie  examined,  and  seems  to  be  found  thruout  the  state. 
When  growing,  it  is  easily  recognized  by  the  flat  stem  and  long  root- 
stocks.  It  makes  a  close,  dense  sod  and  is  often  used  as  a  lawn  grass, 
especially  where  there  is  competition  with  the  crab  grasses,  etc.,  which 
often  drive  out  the  Kentucky  blue  grass,  more  commonly  used  in 
lawns.  It  is  also  a  valuable  pasture  grass. 


1018] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


391 


ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860;  without  locality, 
Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Clinton,  June,  1897;  Urbana,  Seymour  in  .1880; 
Seymour,  Tsou,  Oct.,  1913;  Champaign,  Wmte,  June,  1886;  Seymour,  CMen  in 
1914.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews,  June,  1899.  COOK  co.  Tracy,  E. 
Bebb,  July,  1912;  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  A.  Chase,  Aug.,  1903;  Evanston,  Shipman, 
Sept.,  1875.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Sept.,  1902.  jo  DAVIESS  CO.  With- 
out locality,  Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  June,  1872.  LAKE 
co.  Beach,  Gates,  July,  1908 ;  near  Waukegan,  Gates  2860.  MCHENRY  CO.  Algon- 
quin, Nason,  June,  1878.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860; 
Salem,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  E.  Hall,  July,  1864.  PEORIA 
co.  Peoria,  Brendel  in  1859.  PIATT  co.  White  Heath,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  SA- 
LINE co.  Harrisburg,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1908.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase 
1462.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  June,  1914.  WABA'SH  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Schneck,  June,  1904;  without  locality,  Shearer;  Connor,  Schneck,  Sept.,  1899; 
Old  Palmyra,  Schneck,  June,  1900.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels,  June,  1904. 

Poa  debilis  Torr. 
Weak  Spear  Grass  (Fig.  234) 

Culms  weak  and  slender;  sheaths  smooth,  much  shorter  than  the 
internodes ;  blades  1  to  5  inches  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  smooth ;  pan- 
icle few-flowered,  the  branches  slender,  drooping;  spikelets  2-  to  4- 
flowered,  3  to  4  mm.  long;  lemmas  smooth,  webbed  at  the  base. 

A  rare  species  in  Illinois,  found  only  in  damp  woods. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Hill.  COOK  CO.  Glencoe,  Hill,  June, 
1913.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  .05. 


234 


Figs.  234-238.— Spikelets:  234,  P.  debilis;  235,  P.  palustris;  236,  P. 
sylvestris;  237,  P.  pratensis;  238,  P.  wolfii 

Poa  palustris  L. 

Fowl  Meadow  Grass.     False  Eedtop   (Fig.  235) 

Poa  serotina,  Lapham  '57,  578;  Vasey  '61,  671;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson 
'76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  144.  Poa 
triflora,  Sherff  '12,  419;  Sherff  '13,  595.  Poa  flava,  Britton  '07,  139. 

Culms  1  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  rather  loose,  smooth ;  ligule  3  to 
5  mm.  long ;  blades  3  to  6  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide ;  panicles  oblong, 
often  purplish,  rather  loosely  flowered  and  delicate ;  spikelets  2-  to  4- 
flowered,  3  to  4  mm.  long ;  lemmas  2.5  to  3  mm.  long,  copiously  webbed 
at  base ;  the  intermediate  nerves  obscure,  the  others  long,  silky  pubes- 
cent for  about  half  their  length. 

This  grass  is  a  native  to  the  state,  usually  found  in  damp  meadows 
or  swamps.  It  is  a  very  good  forage  grass,  resembling  somewhat 


392  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

P.  nemoralis,  a  European  species  introduced  into  many  parts  of  this 
country. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  northern  lUinois,  M.  S.  Bebb. 
COOK  CO.  Skokie  Marsh,  Glencoe,  Sherff,  June,  1911;  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  Bab 
cock  in  1873.  DU  PAGE  CO.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  May,  1903;  Naperville,  Vmbach, 
June,  1895.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kanka- 
kee,  ilill  244  in  1873.  MCHENRY  co.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Ringwood,  Vasey. 
PEOBIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel  in  1859.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1459, 
1517,  1881. 

Foa  pratensis  L. 
Meadow  Grass.     Spear  Grass.     June  Grass.     Kentucky  Blue  Grass 

(Fig.  237) 

Lapham  '57,  546,  579;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281; 
Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Kaddin  '91,  145;  Huett  '97,  130;  Cowles  '00,  106, 
158;  Gleason  '07,  182;  Gleason  '10,  149;  Gates  '12,  355;  Sherff  '12,  420;  Sherff 
'13,  595. 

Culms  cylindrical,  from  long,  running  rootstocks ;  sheaths  smooth, 
the  lower  overlapping,  the  upper  often  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  about  1.5  mm.  long ;  blades  longest  at  the  base,  from  1  to  8  inches 
long,  the  basal  blades  longest,  1  to  6  mm.  wide ;  panicle  densely  flow- 
ered; spikelets  3-  to  5-flowered,  4  to  6  mm.  long;  lemmas  distinctly 
5-nerved,  3  mm.  long,  copiously  webbed  at  base,  the  marginal  and  mid- 
nerves  pubescent,  the  others  smooth. 

This  species  is  native  to  Illinois  and  is  found  all  over  the  state  in 
fields  and  meadows.  It  is  a  popular  pasture  and  lawn  grass  all  over  the 
country. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Lapham.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Clinton,  May,  1897  and  1900;  Urbana,  Seymour,  May,  1880;  Seymour,  Chien,  May, 
1914;  Champaign,  Mosher,  Oct.,  1913.  COOK  co.  Ravens\vood,  Gates,  June  1906; 
Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  Gates,  June,  1906;  Chicago,  Lansing,  216;  Evanston,  Ship- 
man.  DU  PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Vmbach,  May,  1898.  FULTON  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Pepoon.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co. 
Oquawka,  Patterson,  May,  1872.  HENRY  co.  Galva,  V.  H.  Chase  1741.  KANE 
co.  Elgin,  Vasey.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  Gates,  June,  1909;  north  of  Waukegan, 
Gates,  3037.  MCHENRY  CO.  Without  locality,  Brendel;  Algonquin,  Nason.  PEO- 
RIA co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1901;  Peoria,  Brendel.  PIATT  CO.  White  Heath, 
Mosher,  May,  1914.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  East  St.  Louis,  Eggert,  May,  1878;  Mascou- 
tah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase,  May,  1898.  VERMILION  co. 
Muneie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  CO.  Key's  Hill,  Schneck,  June,  1905;  Mt. 
Carmel,  May,  1880.  WOODFORD  CO.  Without  locality,  McDonald,  June,  1889. 

Poa  sylvestris  Gray 
(Fig.  236) 

Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes ; 
ligule  1  mm.  long  or  less;  blades  1  to  8  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide, 
the  basal  ones  always  longer;  panicle  open,  somewhat  oblong,  not 
densely  flowered ;  spikelets  2-  to  4-flowered,  2.5  to  4  mm.  long,  nearly 
as  broad ;  lemmas  about  2.5  mm.  long,  webbed  at  base,  the  nerves  all 
•prominent,  the  midnerve  pubescent  to  the  top. 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  393 

• 

This  native  species  is  found  in  woods  and  shady  places.  It  is  easily 
distinguished  from  P.  palustris  by  its  broader  spikelets  and  short 
ligule. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  southern  Illinois,  Lapham. 
CHAMPAIGN  CO.  U.rbana,  Clinton,  May,  1900;  Urbana,  Gleason,  June,  1900.  DU 
PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  June,  1903.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon; 
Canton,  Wolf.  MACON  co.  Without  locality,  Clokey  2444.  MARSHALL  co.  Steu- 
lion  township,  V.  H.  Chase  1796.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon. 
MENARD  CO.  Athens,  Hall,  June,  1864.  PEORIA  CO.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  Mc- 
Donald, June,  1900.  PIATT  co.  White  Heath,  Mosher,  May,  1915.  STARK  ro. 
Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1429.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914. 
.•\VABASH  CO.  Without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneclc,  May,  1880;  Hang- 
ing Rock,  SctmecTc,  May,  1905;  Kurd's  Ferry,  Schneck,  July,  1900. 

Poa  wolfii  Scribn. 

(Fig.  238) 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  1  to  3  feet  tall;  sheaths  smooth;  blades 
mostly  clustered  at  the  base,  1  to  8  inches  long,  2  mm.  or  less  in  width ; 
panicle  open,  branches  very  slender,  usually  ascending ;  spikelets  2-  to 
4-flowered,  5  to  6  mm.  long ;  lemmas  4  mm.  long,  copiously  webbed  at 
base,  nerves  all  prominent,  the  lateral  and  midnerves  pubescent  for 
more  than  half  their  length,  the  intermediate  nerves  smooth. 

Illinois  is  the  type  locality  for  this  species,  which  was  named  after 
one  of  its  earlier  collectors,  J.  Wolf.  The  plant  is  comparatively  rare. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf  in  1883.  FULTON  CO.  Without 
locality,  Brendel  in  1860;  Copperas  Creek,  Wolf,  June,  1883.  HENDERSON  co. 
Oqnawka,  Patterson.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel. 

The  following  species  of  Poa  .have  been  reported  from  Illinois,  but 
no  authentic  specimens  have  been  found  as  yet. 

Poa  brachyphylla  Schult. — This  was  reported  as  P.  brevifolia  by 
Lapham  ('57,  546,  578),  Flagg  (78,  281),  and  Higley  and  Raddin 
('91,145). 

Poa  nemoralis  L. — This  species  was  reported  by  Lapham  ( '57,  546, 
579 ;  Plate  2,  Fig.  12),  who  says  it  is  a  native  both  of  this  country  and 
Europe.  It  seems  probable  that  he  did  not  have  the  species  as  it  is 
understood  at  present. 

Poa  trivialis  L. — Flagg  ( '78,  281)  cites  this  as  occurring  in  Illinois, 
having  been  introduced  from  Europe.  It  is  probable  that  it  was  cul- 
tivated here  for  only  a  short  time. 

55.  PANICULAEIA  Fabr. 
Manna  Grass 

These  grasses  are  all  found  in  moist  situations.  They  are  perennials 
with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  panicles.  The  ligules  are  membranous. 
The  spikclets  are  3-  to  15-flowered;  the  lemmas  usually  very  prom- 
inently nerved,  with  a  narrow,  transparent  margin.  The  glumes  are 
unequal-  and  much  shorter  than  the  spikelets. 


394 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


a.     Spikelets  2  to  8  mm.  long,  the  length  never  three  times  the  width;  panicles 

open  and  spreading. 
b.     Spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  wide;  nerves  on  the  lemmas  not  prominent. 

P.  canadensis 
bb.     Spikelets  1  to  2.5  mm.  wide;  nerves  on  the  lemmas  very  prominent  and 

with  deep  furrows  between. 

e.     Spikelets  3  to  4  mm.  long,  the  lemmas  1.5  mm.  long,  glumes  short 
and  rounded.  P.  ncrvata 

cc.     Spikelets  4  to  6  mm.  long,  the  lemmas  2  mm.  long,  glumes  oblong. 

P.  grandis 
ia.     Spikelets  10  to  25  mm.  long,  the  length  always  more  than  three  times  the 

width;  panicle  narrow,  the  branches  erect. 

b.     Spikelets  nearly  sessile;   15  to  20  mm.  long;  lemmas  firm,  hispidulous; 

4  to  4.5  mm.  long.  P.  septentrionalis 

bb.     Spikelets  slender  pediceled;  10  to  15  mm.  long;  lemmas  thin,  rough  only 

on  the  nerves.  3.5  to  4  mm.  long.  P.  borealis 


239 


241 


243 


240 


242 


,244 


Figs.  239-244. — 239,  P.  borealis,  inflorescence;  240,  P.  borealis,  spikelet: 
241,  P.  canaden&s,  spikelet;  242,  P.  grandis,  spikelet;  243,  P.  nervata,  spikelet; 
244,  P.  septentrionalis,  spikelet 

Panicularia  borealis  Nash 
Slender  Manna  Grass  (Figs.  239  and  240) 

Culms  bent  at  base  and  rooting  at  the  nodes,  2  to  5  feet  tall; 
sheaths  overlapping,  usually  smooth,  the  upper  one  inclosing  the  base 
of  the  panicle ;  blades  narrow,  4  to  20  inches  long,  2  to  10  mm.  broad, 
usually  folded,  ending  in  a  sharp  point ;  panicle  very  narrow,  with  the 
branches  erect  or  appressed ;  spikelets  10  to  15  mm.  long,  the  pedicels 
one-third  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  spikelets,  7-  to  13-flowcred ; 
lemmas  thin,  3.5  to  5  mm.  long,  the  nerves  rough. 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  395 

This  is  a  northern  species,  rare  in  Illinois.  It  closely  resembles  P. 
septentrionalis,  from  which  it  is  most  easily  separated  by  its  pediceled 
spikelets.  It  is  found  in  shallow  water,  or  in  moist  soil  along  the  edges 
of  streams  and  ponds. 

jo  DAVIESS  co.  Margin  of  ponds  near  E.  Dubuque,  Pepoon  426.  STARK  CO. 
Pond  northeast  of  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  100. 

Panicularia  canadensis  (Michx.)  Kuntze 
Rattlesnake  Grass.     (Fig.  241) 

Glyceria  canadensis,  Lapham  '57,  546,  576;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76, 
50;  Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  88;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  145;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  erect,  2  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths  considerably  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  except  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  where  they  overlap ;  blades 
rough,  6  to  18  inches  long,  4  to  8  mm.  wide ;  panicle  6  to  10  inches  long, 
nearly  as  broad,  the  branches  very  slender,  usually  drooping ;  spike- 
lets  5-  to  12-flowered,  5  to  8  mm.  long,  flattened ;  lemmas  broad  3  to  4 
mm.  long,  faintly  nerved. 

This  grass  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  grasses  found  in  the 
state.  It  is  also  a  northern  species.  It  is  found  in  wet  places. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Northern  Illinois,  Brendel.  FULTON  co.  Without  lo- 
cality, Pepoon.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  PEORIA.  co.  Peorin, 
Brendel. 

Panicularia  grandis  (Wats.)  Nash 
Heed  Meadow  Grass  (Fig.  242) 

Culms  erect,  stout,  soft  and  spongy,  3  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  loose, 
usually  smooth ;  blades  usually  smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  8  to  12 
inches  long,  6  to  16  mm.  wide ;  panicle  8  to  16  inches  long,  nearly  as 
broad,  the  branches  drooping ;  spikelets  numerous,  4-  to  7-flowered,  4 
to  6  mm.  long ;  florets  purple,  the  lemmas  about  2  mm.  long,  distinctly 
7-nerved ;  glumes  whitish,  1-nerved. 

This  species  resembles  P.  nervata  in  habit  but  is  a  larger,  more 
robust  species.  The  panicle  of  P.  nervata  is  much  smaller  and  usually 
green,  while  that  of  P.  grandis  is  very  large  and  nearly  always  purple ; 
the  leaves  of  P.  grandis  are  usually  much  broader.  This  species  is 
found  only  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  state,  while  P.  nervata 
is  found  over  the  entire  state. 

jo  DAVIESS  co.     Warren,  TJmbach,  July,  1896. 

Panicularia  nervata  (Willd.)  Kuntze 
Nerved  Manna  Grass.     Fowl  Meadow  Grass   (Fig.  243) 

Glyceria  nervata,  Lapham  '57,  546,  577  (Plate  2,  Fig.  2)  ;  Patterson  '76,  50; 
Flagg  '78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  145;  Huett  '97,  130; 
Gates  '12,  355;  Gleason  '12,  44;  Sherff  '12,  419;  Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  often  in  large  bunches,  1  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths 
usually  smooth,  overlapping  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  the  upper  sheaths 


396  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

usually  partially  closed;  blades  6  to  12  inches  long,  4  to  10  mm.  wide, 
rough  above,  smooth  beneath ;  panicle  4  to  8  inches  long,  often  purple, 
the  branches  usually  drooping,  spikelets  3-  to  7-flowered,  3  to  4  mm. 
long;  lemmas  distinctly  7-nerved,  about  1.5  mm.  long. 

This  is  one  of  the  native  grasses  much  liked  by  stock  and  could  be 
introduced  into  damp  pasture  lands.  The  office  of  Poisonous  Plant 
Investigations,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  has  found  it  to  contain  a 
small  quantity  of  hydrocyanic  acid,  enough  to  be  poisonous  if  a  quan- 
tity of  the  grass  is  eaten.  It  is  common  in  Illinois  in  most  situations. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Waite,  June,  1888;  Mahomet,  Clinton,  Oct.,  1898;  Champaign,  Waite,  June,  1886; 
Urbana,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1899;  Urbana,  Seymour  and  Butts,  June,  1880.  CHRIS- 
TIAN co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Babcock,  July,  1869;  Evans- 
ton,  Shipman,  Sept.,  1875;  Lake  Forest,  Jensen,  June,  1895;  near  Chicago,  Mc- 
Donald, June,  1891.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  683.  KANKAKEE 
co.  Kankakee,  Hill,  May,  1870.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  June, 
1872.  LAKE  co.  Beach  Area,  Gates  2810.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason, 
MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  June,  1882.  MADISON  co.  Venice,  Eggert, 
July,  1877.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham.  MENARD  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1896. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914. 
WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July,  1888;  without  locality,  Shearer; 
Paton,  Schneck,  July,  1879. 

Panicularia  septentrionalis  Hitchc. 

Floating  Manna  Grass  (Fig.  244) 

Glycerin  flnitans,  Lapham  '57,  546,  577;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51; 
Flagg  78,  281;  Brendel  '87,  63;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  145;  Huett  '97,  130. 
Glyceria  septentrionalis,  Sherff  '12,  417;"Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  erect,  3  to  6  feet  tall,  usually  large,  soft,  and  spongy ;  lower 
sheaths  overlapping,  the  upper  closed  nearly  to  the  summit ;  ligule  5 
or  6  mm.  long;  blades  4  to  9  inches  long,  6  to  8  mm.  wide;  slightly 
rough ;  panicles  .very  narrow,  the  branches  erect  or  appressed,  some- 
times spreading  in  flower ;  spikelets  7-  to  12-flowered,  20  to  25  mm. 
long,  nearly  sessile ;  lemmas  rough  all  over,  4  to  4.5  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  in  shallow  water  with  the  leaves  floating,  or 
where  there  is  very  wet  soil.  It  is  an  excellent  grass  for  swampy 
meadows.  Cattle  are  very  fond  of  it. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  northern  Illinois,  Vascy; 
southern  Illinois,  Lapham.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Rantoul,  Clinton,  Sept.,  1897.  CHRIS- 
TIAN CO.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  Moffatt,  July,  1891 ;  Evans- 
ton,  Shipman,  Sept.,  1875 ;  Chicago,  Scammon,  July,  1859.  DU  PAGE  co.  Without 
locality,  along  ditches,  Moffatt,  July,  1891.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patter- 
son, July,  1872.  KANKAKEE  co.  Bourbonnais,  Hill,  July,  1873.  LAKE  co.  Gil- 
mer,  Gates  1712 ;  Lake  Zurich,  Hill,  June,  1899.  MCHENRY  CO.  Eingwood,  Vasey. 
MACOUPIN  co.  Macoupin,  Robertson,  July,  1883.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality, 
Hall  in  1861.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  PIATT  co.  Monticello,  Seymour  and 
Waite,  July,  1880.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra, 
V.  H.  Chase,  July,  1898.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July,  1900; 
without  locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  July,  1879.  WILL  co.  Joliet, 
Skeels,  June,  1904. 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS  397 

Panicularia  pallida  ( Torr. )  Kuntze  ( Glyceria  pallid^  Trin. ) . — This 
was  reported  by  Vasey  ('61,  671)  and  Flagg  (78,  281)  from  Illinois. 
The  specimens  in  the  University  herbarium  labeled  Glyceria  pallida 
are  a  species  of  Poa  which  it  strongly  resembles.  No  other  specimens 
have  been  seen  and  its  occurrence  in  Illinois  is  doubtful. 

56.  FESTUCA  L. 
Fescue  Grass 

The  species  of  Festuca  have  2-  to  many-flowered  spikelets  arranged 
in  open  or  contracted  panicles.  The  glumes  are  narrow,  keeled,  and 
pointed.  The  lemmas  are  firm,  not  keeled  but  rounded  on  the  back, 
often  awned  or  awn-pointed.  The  leaves  are  narrow,  in  some  species 
involute,  and  the  ligule  is  very  short  and  membranous.  There  are 
both  annual  and  perennial  species. 

a.     Lemmas  awnless  or  very  rarely  awn  pointed;  leaves  flat. 

b.     Panicle  narrow,  erect,  branches  short;  lemmas  5  to  7  mm.  long. 

F.  elatior 

bb.     Panicle  open,  rarely  erect,  branches  long;  lemmas  4  to  4.5  mm.  long, 
c.     Spikelets  broad,  short  pediceled,  aggregated  at  the  ends  of  the  rather 
short  panicle  branches.  .        F.  shortii 

cc.     Spikelets  narrow,  long  pediceled,  scattered  in  an  open  panicle  with 

long,  slender  branches. 

aa.     Lemmas  awned,  leaves  involute.  F.  o~btusa 

b.     Stamens  1  or  2;  lemmas  rough;  annual.  F.  octoftora 

bb.     Stamens  3;  lemmas  smooth;  perennial.  F.  ovina 

Festuca  elatior  L. 
Tall  or  Meadow  Fescue  (Fig.  245) 

Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91, 
145;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  erect,  in  loose  bunches,  1.5  to  5  feet  tall,  smooth;  sheaths 
smooth,  or  slightly  rough  at  the  top ;  blades  4  to  16  inches  long,  4  to 
8  mm.  wide,  flat,  rough  on  the  upper  surface,  auricle  well-developed ; 
panicle  4  to  8  inches  long,  narrow,  rather  loose-flowered ;  spikelets  5-  • 
to  9-flowered,  9  to  11  mm.  long ;  lemma  5  to  7  mm.  long,  faintly  nerved. 

This  perennial  species  was  introduced  from  Europe,  but  is  now 
naturalized  thruout  the  state.  It  is  an  excellent  forage  grass  and 
much  cultivated  for  hay. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign, 
Waite,  June,  1881  and  1886;  Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1880.  FULTON  CO.  Canton, 
Wolf.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill,  July,  1874.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel, 
July,  1883;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1903.  PIATT  CO.  White  Heath,  Mosher,  May, 
1913.  ST.  CLAIE  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase 
58.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality, 
Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  July,  1878.  WILL  co.  Troy  township,  Hill  32  in 
1907;  Mokena,  Hill  14  in  1910. 


398 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


^  Festuca  obtusa  Spreng. 

Nodding  Fescue  (Figs.  246  and  247) 

Festuca  nutans,  Engelmann  '44,  103;  Lapham  '57,  547,  582  (Plate  3,  Fig.  1)  ; 
Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and 
Raddin  '91,  145. 

Culms  single  or  a  few  together,  1  to  3  feet  tall;  sheaths  often 
slightly  pubescent ;  blades  rough  above,  4  to  12  inches  long,  4  to  7  mm. 
wide ;  panicle  usually  nodding,  the  branches  bearing  spikelets  near  the 
ends ;  spikelets  3-  to  5-flowered,  typically  3-flowered,  5  to  7  mm.  long, 
always  much  longer  than  broad;  lemmas  about  4  mm.  long  with  a 
thin  white  or  transparent  margin ;  second  glume  3  mm.  long. 

This  is  a  native  species  which  is  found  in  damp  or  shady  woods 
find  thickets. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Waite,  June,  1886;  Urbana,  Clinton,  May,  1898;  Mahomet,  Wright,  June,  1898; 
Mahomet,  Clinton,  May,  1900.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  DU  PAGE 
co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  June,  1903;  Wheatland,  Umbach,  July,  1898;  Naperville, 
Umbach,  July,  1898.  JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham  in  1857.  .JO  DAVIESS 
co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson,  June,  1874. 
LA  SALLE  co.  Near  Starved  Eock,  A.  Chase,  July,  1901.  MCHENRY  co.  Algon- 
quin, Nason.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson  in  1898.  MARION  co.  With- 
out locality,  M.  S.  Sebb  in  1860.  MARSHALL  co.  Near  Lawn  Ridge,  V.  H.  Chase 
1493.  MASON  co.  Without  locality,  CloJcey.  PEORIA  co.  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase, 
June,  1897;  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1890;  Peoria,  Brendel.  PIATT  co.  White 
Heath,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Woods 
along  Spoon  river,  V.  H.  Chase  1448.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914. 
WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Skeels,  June,  1904. 


246 


261 


Figs.  245-251. — 245,  F.  elatior,  spikelet ;  246,  F.  nutans,  inflorescence;  247, 
F.  nutans,  spikelet;  248,  F.  ovina,  spikelet;  249,  F.  octoflora,  spikelet;  250, 
F.  shortii,  inflorescence;  251,  F.  shortii,  spikelet 

Festuca  octoflora  Walt. 

Slender  Fescue  (Fig.  249) 

Festuca  tenella,  Lapham  '57,  547,  581;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  232; 
Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  145;  Huett  '97,  130.  Festuca  octoflora, 
Gleason  '10,  149;  Gates,  '12,  355. 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  399 

Culms  slender,  often  tufted,  2  to  16  inches  tall;  sheaths  smooth, 
shorter  than  the  internodcs;  blades  very  short,  1.5  to  4  inches  long, 
involute;  panicle  narrow,  contracted,  spike-like,  1  to  5  inches  long; 
spikelets  6-  to  13-flowered,  5  to  12  mm.  long;  lemmas  rough  3  to  5  mm. 
long,  the  awn  about  the  same  length. 

This  annual  species  is  found  in  dry,  open  country,  usually  where 
the  soil  is  very  poor. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  southern  Illinois,  Lapham  iu 
1857.  CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Champaign,  Seymour  and  Wdite,  June,  1884;  Champaign, 
Seymour,  June,  1884.  COOK  co.  Evanston,  Johnston  in  1891.  HANCOCK  co. 
Warsaw,  Mead,  July,  1842.  JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Gleason,  June,  1903.  jo 
DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  145;  Hanover,  Gleason  and  Gates  2571 
KANKAKEE  co.  Kaiikakee,  Hill  33  in  1872.  LAKE  co.  Waukegan,  Gates  2468.  LA 
SALLE  co.  Starved  Eock,  Gates  3191.  MACON  co.  Decatur,  Clokey,  June,  1899.  MA- 
COUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Eobertson,  May,  1883.  MARION  co.  Without  locality,  M.  S. 
Bebb  in  1860.  MARSHALL  co.  Near  Lawn  Eidge,  V.  H.  Chase  1494.  PEORIA  co.  Peo- 
ria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1889.  PIATT  co.  White  Heath,  Mosher, 
May,  1914.  POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  July,  1898.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Eggert,  Aug.,  1874;  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher, 
May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  SchnecTc,  June,  1900;  Old  Palmyra, 
Schneck,  May,  1883;  Keensburgh,  SchnecTc,  June,  1898. 

Festuca  ovina  L. 

Sheep's  Fescue  (Fig.  248) 

Culms  erect  in  close  bunches,  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall ;  sheaths  usually 
smooth ;  blades  pale  green,  involute,  2  to  5  inches  long,  the  lower  ones 
longest;  panicle  slender  and  spike-like,  2  to  4  inches  long;  spikelets 
5  to  7.5  mm.  long ;  lemmas  smooth,  3  to  3.5  mm.  long. 

There  is  a  native  form  of  this  species  and  also  one  introduced  from 
Europe  in  seed  mixtures  for  pastures  and  parks.  A  variety,  F.  ovina 
duriuscula,  also  introduced  from  Europe,  is  taller  and  has  lemmas 
about  6  mm.  long. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Crystal  Lake 
Park,  Urbana,  Trelease,  May,  1914;  Urbana,  Lants,  1914;  Urbana,  "Waggoner, 
May,  1914. 

Festuca  shortii  Kunth 
(Figs.  250  and  251) 

Culms  in  small  bunches  or  single,  1  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  usually 
smooth,  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  blades  4  to  12  inches  long,  2  to 
4  mm.  wide,  often  involute  in  drying;  panicle  open,  the  naked 
branches  bearing  few-  to  several-clustered,  short-pedicelcd  spikelets 
near  the  ends ;  spikelets  usually  5-  to  9-flowered,  typically  more  than 
3-flowered,  5  to  7  mm.  long;  when  mature  the  length  and  breadth 
nearly  equal ;  lemmas  4.5  mm.  long ;  second  glume  4  to  5  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  much  more  distinct  than  perhaps  the  description 
would  lead  one  to  believe.  It  was  formerly  included  with  Festuca 
obtusa,  but  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  panicle.  That  of  Festuca 


400 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


obtusa  is  slender,  graceful,  and  few-flowered,  while  in  Festuca  shortii 
it  is  broader,  and  thick  and  heavy  in  appearance.  It  is  found  in  woods, 
bat  also  in  open  damp  places. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Mead;  without  locality,  Vasey. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Burrill,  Seymour  and  Waite  in  1884;  Urbana,  Seymour, 
June,  1880.  FRANKLIN  co.  Benton,  Patterson,  June,  1872.  FULTON  co.  With- 
out locality,  Wolf.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson.  MARION  co.  Without 
locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860;  Salem,  M.  S.  Bebb.  MENARD  co.  Without  locality, 
Hall.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welscli.  STARK 
co.  East  of  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase,  1228.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality, 
Shearer. 


252  253 

Figs.  252-253. — Inflorescences:    252,  B.  inermis;   253,  B.  tectorum 

57.  BROMUS  L. 

The  annual  species  of  this  genus  have  been  introduced  from 
Europe  and  are  more  or  less  serious  pests.  The  native  species  are 
perennials  mostly  confined  to  woods  and  shady  places  and  are  of  no 
economic  importance.  The  spikelets  are  large,  usually  many-flowered  ; 
the  lemmas  are  two-toothed  at  the  apex  and  often  bear  an  awn  from 
between  the  teeth ;  the  glumes  are  unequal,  the  second  larger.  The  in- 
florescence is  of  panicles,  the  spikelets  either  erect  or  drooping.  The 
leaves  are  flat,  the  ligules  membranous,  seldom  over  1  or  2  mm.  in 
length.  The  species  are  exceedingly  variable,  and  therefore  difficult 
to  classify  correctly. 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


401 


Lemmas  smooth  or  scabrous,  not  pubescent, 
b.     Second  glume  3 -nerved. 

c.     Lemmas  awnless  or  awn-pointed;   plants  generally  smooth  thruout; 

perennial  by  long,  running  rootstocks.  B.  incrmis 

cc.     Lemmas  with  long,  scabrous  awns;  sheaths  pilose-pubescent;  annuals. 

B.  villosus 
bb.     Second  glume  5-  to  9-nerved ;  plants  without  running  rootstocks. 

c.     Spikelets  with  the  width  more  than  half  the  length ;   lemmas  very 

broad,  awnless  or  awn-pointed.  B.  brizaeformis 

cc.     Spikelets  with  the  width  always  less  than  half  the  length;   lemmas 

narrow  or  ovate,  with  an  awn  at  least  3  mm.  long, 
d.     Lemmas  thick,  the  margin  inrolled  at  maturity,  the  awn  slender 
and  weak,  3  to  5  mm.  long;  sheaths  glabrous.         B.  secalinus 
dd.     Lemmas  thin,  with  a  transparent  edge,  not  inrolled  at  maturity, 
the  awn  strong,  5  to  8  mm.  long;  sheaths  pubescent. 

B.  pratensis 

Lemmas  pubescent,  either  along  the  margin  or  over  the  entire  surface, 
b.     Awn  as  long  or  longer  than  the  lemma;  annual  species  with  the  panicle 
branches  drooping.  B.  tectorum 

bb.     Awn  considerably  shorter  Jthan  the  lemma. 

c.     Lemmas  pubescent  along  the  margin  and  sometimes  at  the  base. 

B.  ciliatus 
cc.     Lemmas  evenly  pubescent  over  the  entire  surface. 

d.     Lemmas  densely  long,  silky  pubescent;  lemma  8  to  10  mm.  long, 

the  awn  2  to  3  mm.  B.  Icalmii 

dd.     Lemmas  sparsely  short,  appressed  pubescent,  10  to  12  mm.  long, 

the  awn  4  to  8  mm.  B.  purgans 


258 


Figs.  254-261. — Spikelets:  254,  B.  brizaeformis ;  255,  B.  ciliatus;  256,  B. 
inermis;  257,  B.  Icalmii;  258,  B.  pratensis;  259,  B.  purgans;  260,  B.  secalinus; 
261,  B.  tectorum, 

Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch.  and  Mey. 
(Fig.  254) 

Culms  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall,  smooth,  slightly  pubescent  at  the 
nodes;  sheaths  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  blades  4  to  8 
inches  long,  1  to  4  mm.  wide ;  panicle  open,  drooping ;  spikelets  10  to 
20  mm.  long  and  9  to  13  mm.  wide,  lemmas  awnless,  smooth,  8  to  10 
mm.  long. 

This  annual  species  was  introduced  from  Europe  and  is  rare  in 
America. 

RICHLAND  co.     Parkersburg,  Ridgeway,  June,  1902. 


402  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Bromus  ciliatus  L. 

Fringed  Brome  Grass  (Fig.  255) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  583  (Plate  3,  Fig.  2) ;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51; 
Flagg  '78,  282;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  146;  Huett  '97,  131. 

Culms  slender,  2  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  retrorsely  pubescent ;  blades 
8  to  15  inches  long,  4  to  12  mm.  wide,  rough  and  slightly  pubescent; 
panicle  spreading,  often  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  usually  drooping; 
spikelets  5-  to  9-flowered,  15  to  25  mm.  long ;  glumes  smooth ;  lemmas 
10  to  12  mm.  long,  pubescent  along  the  edge  and  sometimes  near  the 
base,  but  smooth  on  the  remainder  of  the  surface ;  awn  3  to  5  mm.  long. 

Bromus  ciliatus  is  one  of  the  native  perennial  species.  It  grows 
in  damp  places,  usually  in  the  woods. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;.  without  locality,  Bebb  in  1860. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Mahomet,  Wright,  June,  1898;  Mahomet,  Burrill  and  Seymour, 
Aug.,  1888.  COOK  CO.  Chicago,  BabcocJc,  July,  1873;  Evanston,  Shipman.  FUL- 
TON co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  JACKSON.  CO.  Without  locality,  Lapham.  JO 
DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Moffatt ;  without  locality,  Pepoon,  Aug.,  1912. 
KANKAKEE  CO.  Kankakee,  Hill,  July,  1873.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Eobert- 
son,  June,  1882.  PEORIA  CO.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  June,  1896; 
Mossville,  A.  Chase  883.  POPE  co.  Herod,  Clinton,  Aug.,  1898.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Near  Paton,  Schneck,  June,  1879. 

Bromus  inermis  Leyss. 
Hungarian  Bfome  Grass  (Figs.  252  and  256) 

Culms  in  tufts  from  creeping  rootstocks,  smooth,  1  to  4  feet  tall; 
sheaths  smooth ;  blades  6  to  10  inches  long,  4  to  6  mm.  wide,  smooth ; 
panicle  narrow,  the  branches  ascending;  spikelets  6-  to  10-flowered, 
smooth;  lemmas  10  to  12  mm.  long;  awnless  or  awn-pointed,  second 
glume  3-nerved. 

This  species,  also  known  as  smooth  brome  grass,  makes  rank 
growth,  and  is  gradually  spreading  over  the  whole  United  States.  It 
was  introduced  as  a  forage  grass,  but  lately  has  been  considered  of 
little  value. 

jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  .06.  LAKE  co.  Leithton,  Gates 
1729.1;  Eavinia,  G'ates  1678.2.  LIVINGSTON  co.  Emington,  Wilcox.  STARK  co. 
Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase,  1454,  also  July,  1907.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher, 
May,  1914. 

Bromus  kalmii  A.  Gray 
Wild  Chess  (Fig.  257) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  582;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Brendel  '87,  64; 
Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  146;  Huett  '97,  130;  Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  1.5  to  3  feet  tall;  sheaths  softly  pubescent;  blades  1  to  8 
inches  long,  2  to  8  mm.  wide,  usually  softly  pubescent  on  both  sur- 
faces; the  hairs  often  long  and  conspicuous;  panicle  small,  open, 
branches  usually  wavy;  spikelets  6-  to  10-flowered,  densely  covered 
with  soft,  silky  pubescence ;  lemmas  8  to  10  mm.  long,  the  awn  2  to  3 
mm.  long;  second  glume  5-  to  7-nerved. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  403 

This  is  a  native  perennial  species  usually  found  in  dry,  waste 
places,  sometimes  in  woods  and  shady  places.  It  is  distinguished  from 
all  other  Illinois  species  by  the  copious  silky  pubescence  of  foliage  and 
spikelets. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  DU  PAGE  co.  Wheatland, 
Umbach,  July,  1898.  JACKSON  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham  in  1857.  jo  DAVIESS 
co.  Without  locality,  northern  part,  Pepoon  51.  LAKE  co.  Beach,  Gates  2762; 
marsh  near  Kockefeller,  Gates  1741 ;  between  Winthrop  Harbor  and  Beach,  Gates, 
June,  1908.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  July,  1878.  MENARD  co.  Athens, 
Hall.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel  in  1857. 

Bromus  pratensis  Lam. 

(Fig.  258) 

Culms  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;  lower 
sheaths  overlapping  and  the  upper  shorter  than  the  internodes,  pu- 
bescent ;  blades  4  to  10  inches  long,  4  to  7  mm.  wide,  pubescent  on  both 
surfaces;  panicle  erect,  rather  narrow;  spikelets  6-  to  10-flowered; 
lemma  9  to  10  mm.  long,  short  pubescent,  scabrous;  awn  5  to  8  mm. 
long;  second  glume  5-  to  7-nerved. 

An  annual  species  introduced  from  Europe,  but  only  occasionally 
found  in  the  Middle  West. 

VERMILION  CO.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Near  Mt.  Carmel, 
Shearer. 

Bromus  purgans  L. 

(Fig.  259) 

Bromus  ciliatus  var.  purgans,  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  146.  Bromus  incanus, 
Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  fairly  stout,  2  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  retrorsely  pubescent ; 
blades  6  to  12  inches  long,  5  to  15  mm.  wide,  usually  short  pubescent 
on  the  upper  surface;  panicle  spreading,  usually  large  and  nodding; 
spikelets  7-  to  11-flowered;  glumes  sparsely  pubescent,  the  second  3- 
nerved ;  lemmas  10  to  12  mm.  long,  pubescent  over  entire  surface,  the 
awn  4  to  6  mm.  long. 

This  sp'ecies  is  a  native  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  damp 
shaded  places. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Mosher,  May,  1915.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville, 
Andrews.  COOK  co.  Beverly  Hills,  E.  Bebb,  Sept.,  1903 ;  Bowmanvil  Woods, 
Chicago,  Gates,  June,  1908;  Eiver  Grove,  Hill  68  in  1897.  FULTON  co.  Canton, 
Wolf.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon  .07.  KNOX  CO.  Williarnsfield, 
V.  H.  Chase  1839.  LA  SALLE  co.  Starved  Bock,  A.  Chase,  July,  1901.  MACOUPIN 
co.  Without  locality,  Eobertsom,  Aug.,  1883.  MARSHALL  co.  Near  Lawn  Ridge, 
V ' .  H.  Chase  1487.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1904. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Near  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase 
640,  1538.  VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Without 
locality,  Shearer,  May,  1899.  Hanging  Eock,  SchnecTc,,  July,  1905;  Grand  Rapids, 
Schneclc,  Aug.,  1900. 

Bromus  purgans  incanus  Shear. — This  variety  differs  from  the 
species  in  having  densely  pubescent  or  velvety  sheaths. 


404  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf,  Sept.,  1882.  FULTON  co.  Can- 
ton, Wolf.  PEOWA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1904.  WABASH 
co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  July,  1896;  near  Mt.  Carmel,  Shearer,  July,  1896. 

Bromus  purgans  latiglumis  (B.  altissimus  Pursh). — This  variety 
has  overlapping  sheaths  and  an  unusually  large  number  of  leaves. 
The  sheaths  are  usually  smooth  except  for  a  ring  of  hairs  where  they 
join  the  blades. 

jo  DAVIESS  co.  Warren,  Pepoon  489.  KANE  co.  Elgin,  Sherff  1789.  STARK 
co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1265.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck  in  1879; 
Hanging  Rock,  Schneck. 

Bromus  secalinus  L. 

Cheat,  or  Chess  (Fig.  260) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  582;  Babcock  73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282; 
Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  146;  Huett  '97,  130. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths  typically  smooth,  strongly  nerved ; 
blades  2  to  8  inches  long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide,  usually  smooth,  sometimes 
slightly  pubescent;  panicle  open,  branches  usually  drooping;  spike- 
lets  5-  to  15-flowered,  smooth ;  lemma  8  to  11  mm.  long,  thick,  the  mar- 
gins inrolled  at  maturity,  awns  short  and  slender,  generally  3  to  5 
mm.  long. 

This  species  was  introduced  from  Europe  and  has  now  spread  all 
thru  the  temperate  part  of  North  America.  It  becomes  a  serious  pest 
in  grain  fields.  As  it  is  an  annual,  it  should  be  prevented  from  ripen- 
ing seed.  All  plants  should  be  destroyed  when  first  discovered  in  or- 
der to  prevent  its  spread  into  new  localities. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Clinton,  June,  1888;  Urbana,  Seymour,  July,  1878;  Champaign,  Seymour,  July, 
1878.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews;  Taylorville,  De  Motte.  COOK  co. 
Woodlawn,  Chicago,  Millspaugh,  June,  1898.  DU  PAGE  co.  Wheaton,  Moffatt, 
June,  1892.  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  MACON  co.  Decatur, 
CloTcey  2586.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  June,  1882.  MARION  co. 
Without  locality,  Lapham  in  1857;  without  locality,  M.  S.  Bebb  in  1860.  PEORIA 
co.  Peoria,  Brendel  in  1860;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1889.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Mascoutah,  Welsch;  East  St.  Louis,  Lehenbauer,  May,  1914.  STARK  co.  Wady 
Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1453.  UNION  co.  Cobden,  Earle,  July,  1886.  VERMILION  co. 
Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  June,  1904. 
Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June,  1897;  Timberville,  Schneck,  June,  1879;  Old  Palmyra, 
Schneck,  May,  1881. 

Bromus  tectorum  L. 
Downy  Brome  Grass  (Figs.  252  and  261) 

Gates   '12,  355. 

Culms  in  tufts,  slender;  sheaths  and  blades  pubescent,  the  latter 
1  to  4  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide ;  panicle  densely  flowered,  droop- 
ing; spikelets  on  slender  pedicels,  5-  to  8-flowered,  pubescent;  lemmas 
8  to  12  mm.  long,  awn  12  to  16  mm.  long ;  glumes  pubescent,  the  second 
glume  3-nerved. 

This  European  species  was  first  observed  in  Illinois  in  1903,  and 
ha*  spread  very  rapidly  since  that  time.  Four  years  ago,  only  a  few 


1018]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  405 

plants  were  observed  within  a  thirty-mile  radius  of  Urbana ;  now  this 
species  can  be  found  along  all  railway  tracks,  around  elevators,  and  in 
waste  places  generally.  As  it  is  likely  to  become  a  serious  pest  in  the 
state,  some  pains  should  be  taken  to  eradicate  it  when  first  observed. 
It  is  an  annual  species,  and  should  be  easily  controlled. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  St.  Joseph,  Mosher,  June,  1914  and  1915;  Champaign, 
Mosher,  May,  1913;  Urbana,  Mosher,  May,  1915;  Urbana,  Trelease,  May,  19l4. 
Seymour,  Mosher,  June,  1914.  COOK  CO.  Hyde  Park,  Chicago,  A,  Chase,  June, 
1903.  EDGAR  co.  Scottland,  Dawson,  May,  1914.  jo  DAVIESS  CO.  Without  local- 
ity, Pepoon.  PIATT  co.  White  Heath,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  STARK  co.  North  of 
Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1203.  TAZEWELL  co.  Hilton,  McDonald,  June,  1889. 
VERMILION  co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck, 
May,  1906;  between  Mt.  Carmel  and  Paris,  Schneck,  June,  1906. 

Bromus  villosus  Forsk. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  tall,  smooth;  sheaths  softly  pilose-pubescent; 
ligule  3  to  4  mm.  long;  blades  pilose,  8  to  10  inches  long,  3  to  5  mm. 
broad ;  panicle  erect  or  somewhat  drooping,  rather  narrow  at  first  but 
open  in  flower ;  spikelets  3.5  to  5  cm.  long ;  drooping ;  glumes  smooth ; 
lemma  scabrous,  25  to  30  mm.  long  exclusive  of  the  awn;  awn  stout, 
scabrous.  3.5  to  5  mm.  long.  The  plants  are  annuals,  easily  distin- 
guished by  the  long,  scabrous  awns. 

This  is  a  Mediterranean  species  which  is  now  abundant  in  Califor- 
nia, and  has  recently  appeared  in  Maryland.  It  is  one  of  the  worst 
weeds  which  has  been  introduced  into  the  United  States.  Not  only 
does  it  spread  rapidly,  but  the  long,  stiff,  scabrous  awns  of  the  fallen 
florets  injure  the  lining  of  the  mouth  and  nostrils  of  grazing  cattle. 
Every  precaution  should  be  taken  to  prevent  this  species  from  becom- 
ing established  in  Illinois. 

COOK  co.     In  one  vacant  lot,  Cuyler,  Chicago,  Gates,  June,  1905. 

58.   LOLIUM  L. 
Rye  Grass.    Darnel 

This  genus  includes  both  annuals  and  perennials  introduced  from 
the  Old  World.  The  perennial  species  are  cultivated,  but  frequently 
escape  and  establish  themselves  in  certain  localities.  The  inflores- 
cence consists  of  long  spikes.  The  spikelets  are  several-flowered  and 
are  placed  edgewise  to  the  axis.  The  glume  next  the  axis  is  wanting, 
except  in  the  terminal  spikelet.  The  leaves  are  long  and  narrow,  often 
showing  small  projections,  called  auricles,  at  the  base.  The  ligules  are 
membranous. 

First  glume  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

Lemmas  awned.  L.  multiflorum 

Lemmas  awnless.  L.  perenne 

First  glume  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  spikelet.                           L.  temulentum 


406 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


262 


264 


266 


Figs.  262-265. — 262,  L.  multiflorum,  inflorescence;  263,  L.  multiflorum,  spike- 
let;  264,  L.  percnne,  spikelet;  265,  L.  temulentum,  spikelet 

Lolium  multiflorum  Lam. 
Italian  Rye  Grass.     Awned  Ray  Grass  (Figs.  262  and  263) 

Lolium  italicum,  Flagg  '78,  282. 

Culms  tufted,  erect,  2  to  3  feet  tall,  the  upper  part  rough ;  sheaths 
and  leaves  smooth,  the  latter  4  to  8  in.  long,  3  to  7  mm.  wide ;  spikelets 
10-  to  20-flowered,  15  to  20  mm.  long ;  lemmas  7  to  8  mm.  long,  and 
awned. 

This  species  is  a  perennial  and  a  very  rapid  grower.  It  forms  a 
dense  turf,  succeeding  best  in  moist  situations.  It  was  introduced  for 
hay,  but  has  been  used  in  making  lawns  in  some  parts  of  the  country. 
The  seed  is  ah  ingredient  of  most  lawn  mixtures. 

MACON  co.  Decatur,  Clokey  in  1898.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  July, 
1903.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Shearer,  July,  1915. 

Lolium  perenne  L. 

Perennial  Rye  Grass  (Fig.  264) 

Culms  tufted,  erect,  smooth,  1  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligulc 
less  than  1  mm.  long ;  blades  flat,  2  to  5  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide, 
sometimes  rough ;  spikelets  5-  to  10-flowered,  8  to  12  mm.  long ;  lemmas 
awnless. 

This  species  is  a  perennial,  closely  related  to  L.  multiflorum,  and  is 
also  used  in  lawns,  meadows,  and  pastures.  The  auricles  on  the  leaves 
are  usually  pronounced. 


101S]  THE  GRASSES  ot1  ILLINOIS  407 

CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Without  locality,  Burrill,  June,  1878 ;  Urbana,  Seymour,  July, 
1880.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Miller,  June, 
1914.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Srcndel. 

Lolium  temulentura  L. 
Darnel  (Fig.  265) 

Culms  2  to  4  feet  tall,  smooth ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  4  to  10  inches 
long,  2  to  6  mm.  wide,  rough  on  the  upper  surface ;  spikelets  4-  to  8- 
ilowered,  10  to  18  mm.  long,  the  glumes  longer  than  the  spikelets; 
lemmas  sometimes  awned. 

This  species  is  found  in  waste  places  and  often  becomes  a  trouble- 
some weed.  It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  poisonous.  Now  it  is  said 
that  the  poison  is  due  to,  the  presence  of  a  fungus  in  the  fruit. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1878.  MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall  in 
1861. 

• 

59.  AGROPYRON  Gacrtn. 
Wheat  Grass 

These  grasses  are  characterized  by  the  spiked  type  of  inflorescence, 
as  in  Lolium,  from  which  they  differ  in  having  the  spikelets  placed 
flat  against  the  axis.  The  spikelets  are  3-  to  many-flowered.  The 
leaves  are  usually  flat  with  short,  thick  ligules.  Most  of  the  species 
have  long,  running  rootstocks.  All  the  species  are  perennials,  and 
all  but  one,  A.  repens,  are  native  to  this  country. 

a.     Lemmas  densely  hairy.  A.  dasystachyum 

aa.     Lemmas  not  hairy. 

b.     Glumes  scabrous  on  the  nerves  and  margins;  leaves  rough  on  both  sur- 
faces, never  pubescent;  creeping  rootstocks  wanting, 
c.     Lemmas  awned,  the  awns  about  twice  the  length  of  the  lemmas ; 
leaves  flat,  usually  not  more  than  4  mm.  wide;  spike  very  narrow 
and  slender,  spikelets  not  crowded.  A.  caninum 

cc.     Lemmas  awnless;  leaves  less  than  4  mm.  broad  and  usually  rolled; 
spike  rather  broad,  spikelets  crowded.  A.  tenerum 

bb.     Glumes  smooth,  except  on  the  midnerve;   leaves  never  rough  on  both 

surfaces;  creeping  rootstocks  present. 

c.     Glumes  strongly  nerved;  leaves  broad,  flat,  finely  nerved,  pubescent 

on  the  nerves  above,  smooth  beneath.  A.  repens 

cc.     Glum'es  faintly  nerved;  leaves  narrow,  involute,  very  coarsely  nerved, 

rough  above,  smooth  beneath.  A.  smithii 

Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv. 
Awned  Wheat  Grass  (Fig.  266) 

Triticum  caninum,  Vasey  '61,  671;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282;  Bren- 
del  '87,  88.  Agropyron  caninum,  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  147;  Sherff  '12,  420; 
Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  erect,  1  to  3.5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  flat,  rather 
thin,  rough ;  spike  slightly  nodding ;  spikelets  3-  to  6-flowered,  12  to  15 
mm.  long,  exclusive  of  awns ;  lemmas  8  to  10  mm,  long. 


408 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


266 


267 


268 


269 


270 


'271 


272 


Figs.  266-272. — 266,  A.  caninum,  spikelet;  267,  A.  dasystachyum,  spikelet; 
268,  A.  repens,  inflorescence;  269,  A.  repens,  spikelet;  270,  A.  smithii,  inflores- 
cence; 271,  A.  smithii,  spikelet;  272,  A.  tenerum,  spikelet 

This  species  is  found  in  cultivated  ground  and  meadows.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  rare  in  Illinois. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  MCHENRY  co.  Ringwood, 
Vasey. 

Agropyron  dasystachyum   (Hook.)   Scribn. 
Northern  Wheat  Grass  (Fig.  267) 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  1  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  nar- 
row, usually  involute;  spikclets  4-  to  8-flowered,  10  to  20  mm.  long; 
lemmas  9  to  12  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent. 

This  species  is  found  in  sandy  places.  It  belongs  to  the  northern 
flora  but  may  be  found  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan  and  northward. 

DU  PAGE  co.     C.  and  N.  W.  Railway  west  of  Turner,  Moffatt^  June,  1897. 

Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv. 
Couch  Grass.    Quitch  Grass.    Quick  Grass  (Figs.  268  and  269) 

Triticum  repens,  Lapham  '57,  586  (Plate  3,  Fig.  3);  Vasey  '61,  671;  Bab- 
cock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282;  Brendel  '87,  88.  Agropyron 
repens,  Higley  and  Raddin  '91,  146;  Huett  '97,  131. 

Culms  erect,  1  to  4  feet  tall,  smooth;  sheaths  smooth,  the  lower 
sometimes  pubescent;  blades  usually  flat,  rough,  and  usually  sparsely 
pubescent  above;  spikelets  about  5-flowered,  10  to  15  mm.  long;  lem- 
mas about  10  mm.  long,  strongly  nerved,  often  rough,  usually  termi- 
nating in  a  short  awn. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  40*) 

This  grass  is  exceedingly  common  in  fields,  especially  among  culti- 
vated crops,  along  roadsides,  and  in  waste  places.  The  internodes  of 
the  creeping  rootstock  are  bright  greenish  yellow.  Joints  of  the  root- 
stock  will  start  new  plants,  making  the  species  an  exceedingly  hard 
one  to  eradicate  amongst  cultivated  crops.  It  may  be  destroyed  by 
thoro  and  persistent  cultivation,  exposing  the  rootstocks  to  the  sun. 
It  may  also  be  destroyed  by  plowing  it  under  in  the  fall,  if  it  is  covered 
by  a  depth  of  six  or  seven  inches  of  soil. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana, 
Seymour,  June,  1880;  Urbana,  Clinton,  June,  1897;  Urbana,  Waite,  July,  1886. 
CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Chicago,  Babcock,  June,  1874; 
Evanston,  Shipman,  July,  1875;  Woodlawn,  Chicago,  Lansing,  June,  1898.  DU 
PAGE  co.  Naperville,  Umbach,  June,  1898.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pe- 
poon.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee, 
Reecher,  July,  1908.  MCHENRY  CO;  Ringwood,  Vasey.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Mc- 
Donald, July,  1897.  Princeville,  V.  H.  Chase  1463.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V. 
H.  Chase,  June,  1907.  WABASH  co.  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  July,  1895. 

Agropyron  smithii  Rydb. 

Blue- joint.     Western  Wheat  Grass  (Figs.  270  and  271) 
Culms  stiff,  erect,  smooth,  1  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades 
bluish  green,  rough,  becoming  involute,  .4  to  8  mm.  long,  4  to  6  mm. 
wide ;  spikelets  7-  to  13-fiowered,  12  to  20  mm.  long ;  lemmas  awn- 
pointed,  faintly  nerved. 

This  species  is  found  on  the  western  prairies  in  alkali  soil  and  is 
rather  common  here  along  railway  tracks.  It  is  not  a  weed  like  A. 
repens.  It  can  be  distinguished  from  that  species  by  its  blue-green 
color  and  more  densely  flowered  spikelets. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  northern  Illinois,  Brendel;  Borneo, 
Umbach,  June,  1898.  jo  DAVIESS  CO.  Hanover,  Gleason  and  Gates  2599.  PEORIA 
co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1901  and  1903.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H. 
Chase  653,  1518.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  STceels  323;  Mokena,  Hill  15  in  1910. 

Agropyron  smitliii  molle  (S.  and  S.)  Jones. — This  variety  is  softly 
pubescent,  thus  differing  from  the  species. 

DU  PAGE  co.     West  Chicago,  Umbach,  June,  1897. 

Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey 
Slender  Wheat  Grass  (Fig.  272) 

Culms  erect,  stiff,  smooth.  1.5  to  3  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades 
flat  or  involute  when  dry,  rough,  3  to  10  inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide ; 
-  spikelets  3-  to  5-flowered ;  lemmas  10  to  12  mm.  long,  awned  or  awn- 
poiiited,  rough  on  the  margin  and  toward  the  top. 

This  species  has  no  running  rootstocks.  It  is  found  mostly  in  dry 
soil,  where  it  grows  in  large  bunches. 

COOK  co.  Chicago,  A.  Chase  1132.  STARK  CO.  South  of  Wady  Petra,  V.  H. 
Chase,  1161. 


410  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

Agropyron  violaceum. — This  species  is  reported  by  Huett  ( '97, 
131),  but  no  specimens  have  been  seen. 

60.  HORDEUM  L. 
Barley 

In  this  genus  the  inflorescence  consists  of  terminal  spikes,  the  spike- 
lets  in  groups  of  three  at  each  joint  of  the  axis.  The  axis  of  the  spike 
disjoints  with  the  spikelets  attached  to  the  joints.  The  central  spike- 
let  of  the  group  bears  perfect  florets,  but  the  two  lateral  ones  may  be 
reduced  to  awns.  In  cultivated  barley  we  have  the  two-rowed  variety 
when  only  the  middle  spikelet  of  each  group  is  perfect,  and  the  six- 
rowed  when  all  are  perfect.  The  glumes  are  often  reduced  to  awns 
and  together  with  the  sterile  lateral  spikelets  form  a  cluster  of  awns 
below  the  spikelet.  The  leaves  are  flat,  usually  with  well-developed 
membranous  ligules.  Besides  the  cultivated  barley,  H.  vulgare,  four 
other  species  are  found  in  the  state,  two  of  which  are  pernicious  weeds. 

Spikes  slender,  not  over  3  inches  long,  the  awns  of  the  spikelets  not  over  15  mm. 
long. 

Glumes  modified  into  slender  awns.  H.  nodosum 

Glumes  narrow,  broadened  in  the  middle,  awn-pointed.  H.  pusillum 

Spikes  rather  stout,  with  awns  20  to  60  mm.  long. 

Awns  30  to  60  mm.  long,  making  a  spike  about  as  wide  as  long;   spikelets 

1-llowered.  H:  jubatum 

Awns  20  to  35  mm.  long,  the  width  of  the  spike  less  than  one-third  its  length ; 

spikelets  2-flowered,  with  often  a  rudiment  of  a  third.  H.  pammeli 

Hordeum  jubatum  L. 

Squirrel-tail  Grass  (Figs.  273  and  275) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  586  (Plate  3,  Fig.  9);  Babeock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51; 
Flagg  '78,  282;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  147;  Huett  '97,  131; 
.Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  in  large  bunches,  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall,  usually  erect,  some- 
times bent  at  base,  the  spikes  nodding ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  1  to  5 
inches  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  rough ;  spike  2  to  4  inches  long ;  spike- 
lets  in  threes,  the  lateral  ones  imperfect  and  reduced  to  1  to  3  spread- 
ing awns;  glumes  of  the  perfect  spikelets  awn-like,  and  spreading: 
lemmas  6  to  8  mm.  long,  awned ;  awns  of  the  spikelets  all  long,  slender, 
and  rough. 

This  species  is  a  biennial  and  in  Illinois  often  a  winter  annual.  It 
.is  <me  of  the  worst  weeds  of  the  state,  not  only  because  it  crowds  out 
useful  plants,  but  because  the  awns  are  very  troublesome  to  live  stock. 
Any  scheme  of  cultivation  that  prevents  its  ripening  seed  will  control 
it.  It  is,  however,  more  apt  to  come  up  in  pastures  and  waste  places 
which  cannot  well  be  cultivated,  and  as  it  ripens  n.  large  number  of 
seeds,  it  may  spren:!  very  rapidly. 


1918] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


411 


273 


274 


Figs.  273-274. — Inflorescences:    273,  H.  jubaium;    274,  H.  pusillum 


275 


276 


278 


Figs.  275-278. — Groups  of  spikclets;     275,  IT.  jnbatvm;    270,   77.   nodosym; 
277,  II.  pammeli;    278,  II.  pusillum 


412  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

CHAMPAIGN  CO.  Champaign,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1898;  Champaign,  Clinton,  Sept., 
1895;  Urbana,  Seymour,  June,  1880.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews. 
COOK  co.  Woodlawn,  Chicago,  Lansing,  June,  1898 ;  Jackson  Park,  Chicago, 
Clark,  June,  1903 ;  Willow  Springs,  Grassley,  July,  1876 ;  Lake  Forest,  Jensen  in 
1895;  Evanston,  Shipman;  Evanston,  Johnson,  Sept.,  1886;  Chicago,  Vasey;  Chi- 
cago, Holton,  Aug.,  1850.  DU  PAGE  co.  Hinsdale,  Smith,  Sept.,  1902 ;  Naperville, 
Umbach,  June,  1898.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  jo  DAVIESS  co. 
Without  locality,  Pepoon  25.  KANE  co.  Elgin,  Sherff,  1799.  KANKAKEE  co. 
Kankakee,  De  Selm,  June,  1913.  LAKE  co.  Eockefeller,  Gates,  July,  1907. 
PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  II.  Chase  72.  VER- 
MILION co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  WINNEBAGO  co.  Fountaindale,  M.  S. 
Bebb. 

Hordeum  nodosum  L. 
Meadow  Barley  (Fig.  276) 

Hordeum  pratcnse,  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Huett 
'97,  131. 

Culms  sometimes  decumbent,  6  inches  to  2  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ; 
blades  rough,  1  to  5  inches  long,  1  to  4  mm.  wide;  spikes  1  to  3  inches 
long;  spikelets  mostly  in  threes  and  all  of  the  glumes  reduced  to  awns; 
lemma  of  the  perfect  spikelet  6  to  8  mm.  long,  the  awns  from  6  to  12 
mm.  long. 

This  species  is  often  confused  with  H.  pusillum  by  collectors,  as 
it  has  the  same  general  appearance  altho  it  is  usually  a  little  taller. 
The  character  of  the  glumes  is  sufficient  to  separate  them.  H.  nodo- 
sum is  apparently  rare  in  Illinois.  It  is  found  in  meadows  and  waste 
places. 

CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  HENDERSON  co.  Oqnawka,  Patterson, 
June,  1872.  LA  SALLE  co.  Utica,  Umbach,  May,  1906. 

Hordeum  pammeli  Scribn.  and  Ball 

(Fig.  277) 

Culms'  erect,  or  bent  at  base,  2  to  3.5  feet  tall;  sheaths  smooth; 
blades  6  to  8  inches  long,  5  to  8  mm.  wide,  rough,  acuminate;  spikes 
nodding,  3  to  7  inches  long ;  spikelets  in  threes,  all  perfect,  the  middle 
spikelet  2-flowered;  lemmas  7  to  8  mm.  long;  glumes  modified  into 
slender  awns. 

This  species  closely  resembles  cultivated  barley.  It  is  a  perennial 
found  on  damp  prairie  soil  or  along  roadsides. 

STARK  f  o.    Near  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1467,  1525,  1529. 

Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt. 
Little  Barley  (Figs.  274  and  278) 

Engelmann  '44,  104;  Lapham  '57,  547,  587;  Gleason  '10,  149. 

Culms  erect,  in  small  tufts,  4  to  16  inches  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ; 
blades  1  to  2.5  inches  long,  1  to  3  mm.  wide,  rough;  spikes  .5  to  3 
inches  long;  spikolets  in  threes,  the  lateral  ones  imperfect;  glumes  of 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  413 

all  spikelcts  narrow  and  produced  into  slender  awns ;  lemma  of  per- 
fect spikelet  6  to  8  mm.  long,  awned. 

This  species  is  usually  a  winter  annual  in  Illinois  and  is  becoming 
increasingly  abundant  over  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  spread- 
ing rapidly  along  the  railroad  tracks  and  other  waste  places,  growing 
in  soil  in  which  other  plants  grow  with  difficulty.  Among  cultivated 
crops  it  is  easily  controlled,  as  it  is  an  annual  and  may  be  destroyed 
by  preventing  the  formation  of  seed.  In  pastures  and  along  road- 
sides its  increase  is  alarming,  as  it  drives  out  the  better  grasses. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  Bear  Creek,  Mead,  June, 
1842.  CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour,  May,  1880;  Champaign,  Mosher,  May, 
1914.  Glover,  Gates  1546.  COOK  CO.  Englewood,  Derr,  May,  1905.  EFFINGHAM 
co.  Edgewood,  Bartley,  June,  1898.  HENDERSON  co.  Oquawka,  Patterson  778. 
MARION  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham  in  1857;  without  locality,  Bebb  in  1860. 
MENARD  co.  Athens,  Hall,  June,  1864.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  June, 
1888;  Peoria,  Brendel.  PIATT  co.  White  Heath,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  ST.  CLAIR 
co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  588,  1441.  VER- 
MILION co.  Muncie,  Mosher,  May,  1914.  w ABASH  co,  Luca3  Prairie,  Schncck, 
May,  jSSO;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June.  1879.  WILL  co.  Joliet,  Hill,  June,  1907; 
Joliet,  Skeels,  June,  1904. 

61.   ELYMUS   L. 
Wild  Rye 

These  grasses  have  dense  terminal  spikes,  which  are  usually  slightly 
nodding,  and  flat  leaves.  The  spikelets  are  2-  to  6-flowered  and  are 
usually  in  pairs  in  alternate  notches  of  the  axis.  The  lemmas  are 
awned  or  awn-tipped.  The  glumes  are  usually  narrow,  sometimes 
reduced  to  awns.  The  spikelets  are  placed  flat  against  the  stalk,  and 
both  glumes  are  at  the  front  of  the  spikelet.  The  species  are  all  native. 

a.     Glumes  reduced  to  short,  weak  awns,  the  lemmas  much  longer. 

E.  divcmifilumis 

aa.     Glumes  not  reduced  to  awns,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  lemmas, 
b.     Lemmas  awned. 

c.     Glumes  narrow,  1  mm.  or  less  wide,  spikelets  usually  covered  with 
long,  fine  hairs.  E.  striatus 

cc.     Glumes  always  2  mm.  or  more  in  width. 

d.     Glumes  strongly  bowed  out  at  the  base,  hardened  and  yellow  for 

about  2  mm. ;    spikes  usually  included  in  the  inflated  upper 

sheaths.  E.  virginicus 

dd.     Glumes  not  strongly  bowed  out  at  the  base,  occasionally  hardened 

and  pale;  spikes  not  included  in  the  inflated  upper  sheaths. 

e.*    Glumes  hardened  at  base;  yellowish  for  1  or  2  mm.;  spikes 

stiff  and  erect.  .         E.  australis 

ee.     Glumes  not  hardened  at  base  and  of  the  same  color  thruout; 

spikes  nodding.  E.  canadensis 

bb.     Lemmas  awnless.  E.  arenarius 

Elymus  arenarius  L. 

Culms  stout,  2  to  4  feet  tall,  from  long,  creeping  rootstocks ;  leaves 
glabrous;  blades  involute  at  tip,  the  lower  8  to  12  inches  long  and 
crowded  at  the  base,  the  upper  shorter ;  spike  stiff,  4  to  6  inches  long, 


414 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


densely  flowered ;  spikelets  3-  to  7-flowered,  25  to  30  mm.  long ;  glumes 
'and  lemmas  pointed,  covered  with  short,  soft  pubescence,  sometimes 
glaucous. 

The  plants  of  this  species  are  reed-like.  They  are  found  in  sandy 
places  along  the  northern  Atlantic  coast  and  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  The  only  specimen  seen  by  the  writer  was  found  too  late  to 
include  a  figure  of  the  spikelet,  but  it  is  very  easily  recognized  and 
not  likely  to  be  confused  with  any  of  the  other  species. 

COOK  CO.     Wilmette,  Killip,  June,  1916. 


279 


281 


282 


Figs.  279-283. — 279,  E.  australis,  spikelet;  280,  E.  canadcnsis,  two  spikelets; 
281,  E.  diver siglumis,  two  spikelets;  282,  E.  striatus,  two  spikelets;  283,  E. 
virginicus,  two  spikelets 

Elymus  australis  Scribn.  and  Ball 
Southern  Wild  Rye  (Fig.  279) 

Culms  stout,  3  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  coarsely  hairy ;  blades  8  to  12 
in.  long,  10  to  15  mm.  wide,  rough  on  both  surfaces,  sometimes  pubes- 
cent above;  spike  4  to  6  inches  long;  glumes  spreading  slightly  at 
base ;  somewhat  thickened,  usually  pubescent,  about  15  mm.  long,  bear- 
ing an  awn  about  as  long ;  lemmas  8  to  10  mm.  long,  long  pubescent, 
the  awns  2.5  to  3  cm.  long. 

This  species  is  found  both  in  woods  and  prairies.  It  differs  from 
E.  canadensis  in  having  the  bases  of  the  glumes  thickened,  and  from 
E.  virginicus  Jiirsutiglumis  in  having  a  broader,  heavier  spike  and 
longer  awns. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Wolf  in  1882.  STARK  co.  Original 
prairie  east  of  Wady  Petra,  V.  E.  Chase  1238,  1239*/.  and  1244. 


W18]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  415 

Elymus  canadensis  L. 
Nodding  Wild  Rye  (Fig.  280) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  588  (Plate  3,  Fig.  10);  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76, 
51;  Flagg  78,  283;  Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Baddin  '91,  147;  Huett  '9V, 
131;  Gleason  '10,  149;  Gates  '12,  355. 

Culms  stout,  2  to  5  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  4  to  12  inches 
long,  2  to  20  mm.  wide,  rough ;  spike  2  to  8  inches  long,  usually  thick 
and  densely  flowered;  glumes  about  parallel  at  base,  not  hardened; 
lemmas  from  almost  smooth  to  very  pubescent,  8  to  14  mm.  long,  the 
awn  2  to  5  cm.  in  length. 

This  is  one  of  the  species  of  the  original  prairie  and  is  still  found 
abundantly  in  the  state.  It  prefers  sandy  soil.  The  plants  are  usu- 
ally glaucous. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  Borneo,  TJmbach,  July,  1898. 
CHAMPAIGN  co.  Champaign,  Waite;  Seymour,  Tsou,  Oct.,  1913.  CHRISTIAN  co. 
Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  CO.  Evanston,  Shipman,  Sept.,  1886;  Western 
Springs,  Smith,  Sept.,  1902;  Salt  Springs,  Des  Plaines  region,  Smith,  Sept.,  1902. 
FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon;  Canton,  Wolf,  jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without 
locality,  Pepoon  74  and  1190.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead  in  1842.  LAKE  co. 
Beach,  Gates  2879,  2880;  Waukegan,  Gleason  and  Shobe  327.  MENARD  co.  With- 
out locality,  Hall.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1896, 
STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1241,  1243,  1550.  WABASH  co.  Without 
locality,  Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schncclc,  July,  1888;  Hanging  Rock,  Schncck,  Sept., 
1904. 

Elymus  robustus  Seribn.  and  Smith. — A  form  of  E.  canadensis 
with  thick,  dense,  erect  spikes  not  interrupted  at  base  is  recognized 
by  some  as  a  distinct  species  under  this  name.  There  are,  however, 
so  many  intergrading  specimens  between  this  form  and  typical  E. 
canadensis  that  it  is  difficult  to  define  the  two.  The  following  speci- 
mens are  probably  typical  of  the  form : 

COOK  co.  Chicago,  ~Babcock.  FULTON  co.  Canton,  Wolf.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Mascoutah,  Wclsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  R.  Chase  1235.  WILL  co.  Joliet, 
Skeels  441. 

Elymus  canadensis  glaucifolius  (Willd.)  Torr. — This  name  is  some- 
times given  to  those  specimens  covered  with  a  whitish  or  bluish  bloom, 
but  these  are  really  typical  E.  canadensis.  It  has  been  mentioned  by 
Patterson  (76,  51),  Higley  and  Raddin  ('91,  147),  and  Huett  ('97, 
147).  The  following  specimens  are  typical: 

COOK  co.  Thornton,  Hill  in  186o.  LAKE  CO.  Beach  Area,  Gates  2880.  PEO- 
RIA co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  Peoria,  McDonald,  July,  1896.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra, 
V,  H.  Chase  1241.1.  WABASH  co.  Grand  Bapids,  Schncclc,  July,  1904. 

Elymus  diversiglumis  Seribn.  and  Ball 

(Fig.  281) 

Culms  3  to  4  feet  high ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  6  to  9  inches  long, 
6  to  12  mm.  wide,  rough,  ending  in  a  long  sharp  point ;  spike  3  to  6 
inches  long,  loosely  flowered;  lemmas  8  to  10  mm.  long,  pubescent;  the 
awn  2  to  3  cm.  long ;  glumes  reduced  to  short  feeble  awns. 


4 16  BULLETIN  No.  205  [March, 

This  species  closely  approaches  Hystrix  liystrix,  in  which  the 
glumes  are  very  minute  awns;  it  does  not  have  pediceled  divergent 
spikelets  as  in  Hystrix. 

PEORIA  co.     Peoria,  Brendel. 

Elymus  striatus  Willd. 
Slender  Wild  Rye  (Fig.  282) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  548;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  283. 
E.  strictus  var.  villosus,  Brendel  '87,  64.  Elymus  striatus,  Higley  and  Kaddin 
'91,  147;  Huett  '97,  131;  Gleason  '10,  49.  Elymus  striatus  mllosns,  Lapham  '57, 
547,  588;  Huett  '97,  131.  Elymus  propinquus,  Lapham  '57,  547. 

Culms  slender,  1  to  3  feet  tall,  sheaths  smooth  or  with  a  few  fine, 
soft  hairs ;  blades  6  to  8  inches  long,  4  to  10  mm.  wide,  rough  beneath, 
slightly  pubescent  above;  spikes  3  to  4  inches  long;  glumes  slightly 
bowed  at  base,  very  narrow,  parallel  for  the  greater  part  of  their 
length ;  lemma  6  mm.  long  with  an  awn  2  to  3  cm.  long. 

This  species  is  usually  found  in  woods  and  shady  places.  It  is  a 
more  slender,  graceful  species  than  either  E.  canadensis  or  E.  virgin- 
icus. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  Vasey;  Hillsgrove,  Holton.  CHAM- 
PAIGN co.  Urbana,  Gibbs,  Oct.,  1898;  Mahomet,  Seymour,  July,  1884.  CHRIS- 
TIAN co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham.  FULTON 
co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  HANCOCK  co.  Augusta,  Mead  in  1842.  JACKSON 
co.  Without  locality,  Lapham.  JO  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon. 
KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill  159  in  1873.  MCHENRY  co.  Algonquin,  Nason, 
July,  1878.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  McDonald,  Aug.,  1890  and  3900;  Peoria,  Bren- 
del. ST.  CLAIB  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase 
128  and  1507.  WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July,  1900;  without  lo- 
cality, Shearer;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June,  1877  and  1879;  near  Timberville, 
Schneclc,  June,  1879. 

Elymus  striatus  arkansanus  (Scribn.  and  Ball)  Hitchc. — This  va- 
riety differs  from  the  species  in  having  smooth  or  slightly  roughened 
glumes  and  lemmas. 

STARK  co.     Near  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase,  June,  1897. 

Elymus  virginicus  L. 
Virginia  Wild  Rye.     Terrell  Grass.     Lyme  Grass  (Fig.  283) 

Lapham  '57,  547,  587;  Babcock  '73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  283; 
Brendel  '87,  64;  Higley  and  Eaddin  '91,  147;  Huett  '97,  131;  Gleason  '10,  149; 
Sherff  '13,  595. 

Culms  stout,  2  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  usually  smooth,  sometimes  the 
upper  inflated  and  inclosing  the  base  of  the  spike ;  blades  6  to  12  inches 
long,  4  to  8  mm.  wide,  rough ;  spikes  1.5  to  5  inches  long,  stiff ;  glumes 
smooth,  considerably  curved  or  bowed  out  at  base,  hardened  and  yel- 
low for  1  to  2  mm. ;  lemmas  smooth ;  awn  4  to  18  mm.  long. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  moist  places,  particularly  along  the 
edges  of  woods. 


1918}  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  417 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  river  banks,  Vasey.  CHAMPAIGN  co. 
Urbana,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880;  Urbana,  Mosher,  Oct.,  19.15;  Mahomet,  Gibbs  and 
Clinton,  Oct.,  1898.  CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  COOK  co.  Evanston, 
Shipman,  Oct.,  1875;  Chicago,  Lansing,  July,  1898.  FULTON  co.  Without  local- 
ity, Pepoon;  Canton,  Wolf.  JO  DAVIESS  CO.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  KANKA- 
KEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill  318  in  1873.  MCHENRY  co.  Eingwood,  Vasey.  MACON 
co.  Decatur,  Clokey  in  1898.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel;  between  Laura  and 
Monica,  V.  H.  Chase  1824.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady 
Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1549.  TAZEWELL  CO.  Without  locality,  McDonald,  July,  1889. 
WABASH  co.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July,  1879  and  1904;  without  locality, 
Shearer ;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June,  1879  and  July,  1900. 

Elymus  virginicus  liirsutiglumis.  (Scribn.)  Hitchc. — This  vari- 
ety differs  from  the  species  in  having  hairy  glumes  and  lemmas. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  prairies  in  northern  Illinois,  M.  S. 
Bebb  in  1859.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK  co.  Wady  Petra,  V. 
H.  Chase  1231,  1541. 

Elymus  virginicus  submuticus  Hook. — In  this  variety  the  glumes 
and  lemmas  are  awnless  or  awn-pointed  and  slightly  roughened. 
ST.  CLAIR  co.     Mascoutah,  Welsch. 

62.    HYSTRIX  Moench. 

This  grass  has  much  the  general  appearance  of  Elymus,  but  the 
spikelets,  which  are  in  groups  of  two  or  three,  have  a  very  short  pedi- 
cel and  at  maturity  stand  horizontally  from  the  stem.  The  glumes 
are  reduced  to  short  awns  and  one  or  both  may  be  wanting.  The 
spikelets  are  2-  to  4-flowered  with  long-awned  lemmas.  The  plants 
are  perennial  with  rather  broad,  flat  leaves  and  very  short  thick  ligules. 
A  single  species  is  found  in  Illinois. 

Hystrix  hystrix  (L.)  Millsp. 
Bottle-brush  Grass  (Figs.  284  and  285) 

Gymnostichum  hystrix,  Lapham  '57,  547,  588  (Plate  3,  Fig.  11) :  Babcock 
'73,  97;  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  283;  Brendel  '87,  64.  Asprella  hystrix, 
Higley  and  Eaddin  . '91,  147;  Huett  '97,  131.  Hystrix  patula,  Gray's  Manual, 
7th  ed. 

Culms  unbranched,  2  to  4  feet  tall ;  sheaths  smooth ;  blades  rough, 
4  to  12  inches  long,  8  to  15  mm.  wide;  spike  often  included  in  the 
upper  sheath,  2  to  6  inches  long,  loosely  flowered;  spikelets  10  to  15 
mm.  long,  excluding  the  awns ;  lemmas  often  pubescent,  their  awns  1.5 
to  4  cm.  long. 

This  grass  is  found  in  moist  woods. 

CHAMPAIGN  co.  Urbana,  Seymour  and  Waite,  July,  1886;  Urbana,  Seymour, 
June,  1880.  COOK  co.  Without  locality,  Lapham;  Evanston,  Shipman,  Oct.,  1875. 
CHRISTIAN  co.  Taylorville,  Andrews.  FULTON  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon. 
jo  DAVIESS  co.  Without  locality,  Pepoon.  KANKAKEE  co.  Kankakee,  Hill  216  in 
1873.  KNOX  co.  Williamsfield,  V.  H.  Chase  1840.  LAKE  co.  Channel  lake, 
Antioch,  Gleason  and  Shobe,  Aug.,  1906;  Lake  Forest,  Jensen  in  1895.  MCHENRY 
co.  Algonquin,  Nason,  July,  1878.  MACOUPIN  co.  Carlinville,  Robertson,  Aug., 
1880.  PEORIA  co.  Peoria,  Brendel.  ST.  CLAIR  co.  Mascoutah,  Welsch.  STARK 
CO.  Wady  Petra,  V.  H.  Chase  1506 ;  near  Spoon  river,  V.  H.  Chase  622.  WABASH 
ro.  Without  locality,  Schneck,  July,  1900;  without  locality,  Shearer. 


418 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


284 


286 


286 


287 


Figs.  284-287.— 284,  H.  hystrix,  inflorescence;  285,  H.  hystrix,  spikelet;  286, 
A.  macrosperma,  spikelet;  287,  A.  macrosperma,  leaf  showing  attachment  of 
blade  to  sheath 

63.    ARUNDINARIA  Michx. 
Cane 

These  woody  grasses  of  the  southern  swamps  are  found  along  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  The  genus  is 
characterized  by  the  perennial,  woody  culms,  also  by  the  blades  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  petiole  at  the  junction  with  the  sheath.  The  spike- 
lets  are  large,  flattened,  many-flowered,  with  the  lemmas  keeled  and 
ending  in  a  sharp  point.  The  plants  do  not  flower  every  year.  The 
leaves  are  broad  compared  with  the  width  and  very  firm.  There  are 
two  species  of  Arundinaria  in  the  country  and  both  have  been  reported 
from  Illinois.  These  are  A.  macrosperma  and  A.  tecta,  known  as 
giant  cane  and  small  cane.  These  are  distinct  species,  but  only  one, 
A.  macrosperma,  occurs  in  Illinois,  the  other  being  confined  to  the 
Atlantic  coast.  Lapham  reports  that  the  culms  of  A.  macrosperma 
reach  a  height  of  thirty  or  forty  feet  in  southern  Illinois,  yet  recent 
specimens  of  that  species  collected  there  are  less  than  two  feet  tall. 
Similar  small  specimens  of  A.  macrosperma  have  doubtless  been  in- 
correctly referred  to  A.  tecta. 

Arundinaria  macrosperma  Michx. 

Large  Cane.     Giant  Cane  (Figs.  286  and  287) 

Michaux  '03,  74;  Lapham  '57,  547,  584,  (Plate  3,  Fig.  5)  ;  Patterson  '76,  51; 
Flagg  '78,  282.  A.  tecta,  Patterson  '76,  51;  Flagg  '78,  282. 

Culms  woody,  1.5  to  40  feet  tall,  branched  near  the  top;  sheaths 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  otherwise  glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sometimes 
rough,  3  to  12  inches  long,  the  largest  20  to  30  mm.  wide ;  inflorescence 
on  the  old  wood ;  spikelets  35  to  60  mm.  long. 


1918]  THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS  419 

This  species  is  still  found  in  large  masses  in  some  of  the  swamps 
of  the  southern  states,  where  they  are  known  as  cane-brakes. 

ILLINOIS  SPECIMENS:  Without  locality,  southern  Illinois,  Vasey;  without  lo- 
cality, Lapham.  JACKSON  co.  Makanda,  Seymour,  Aug.,  1880.  ST.  CLAIR  co. 
Mascoutah,  Welsch.  WABASH  co.  Banks  of  Wabash  river,  Schneck  in  1879,  June, 
1905 ;  July,  1904 ;  Mt.  Carmel,  Patterson,  Sept.,  1877 ;  Mt.  Carmel,  Schneck,  June, 
1900. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

1803.     MICHAUX,  ANDRE.     Flora  Boreali-Americana,  1:38-75. 

1844.     ENGELMANN,  GEORGE.     Geyer's  Plants  of  Illinois  and  Missouri.  Am.  Journ. 

Sci.  and  Arts,  46:95-104. 

1857.  LAPHAM,  I.  A.  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Illinois,  also  the  Native,  Natur- 
alized and  Cultivated  Grasses  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Trans.  111.  St. 

Agr.  Soc.,  2:492-614. 
1859.     BRENDEL,  F.     Additions  and  Annotations  to  Mr.  Lapham 's  Catalogue  of 

Illinois  Plants.     Trans.  111.  St.  Agr.  Soc.,  3:583-585. 
1861.    VASEY,  GEORGE.     Additions  to  the  Flora  of  Illinois.     Trans.  111.  St.  Agr. 

Soc.,  4:667-671. 

1873.     BABCOCK,  H.  H.     Flora  of  Chicago  and  Vicinity.     The  Lens,  2:33,  96,  248. 
1876.     PATTERSON,  H.  N.     Catalogue  of  the  Phaenogamous  and  Vascular  Crypto- 

gamous  Plants  of  Illinois. 

1878.     FLAGG,  W.  C.     Plants  of  Illinois.     Eept.  111.  Ind.  Univ.,  9:221-287. 
1887.     BRENDEL,  F.     Flora  Peoriana. 
1891.     HIGLEY,  W.  K.,  and  EADDIN,  C.  S.     Flora  of  Cook  County,  Illinois,  and 

part  of  Lake  County,  Indiana.     Bui.  Chi.  Acad.  Sci.,  2:138-148. 
1897.     HUETT,  J.  W.     Natural  History  of  La  Salle   County,  Illinois.     Part    1. 

Botany. 

1900.  MACDONALD,  F.  E.     A  Sand  Dune  Flora  of  Central  Illinois.     Plant  World, 

3:101-103. 

1901.  COWLES,  H.  C.     The  Physiographic  Ecology  of  Chicago  and  Vicinity.  Bot. 

Gaz.,  31:73-108,  145-182. 

1907.  BRITTON,  N.  L.  Manual  of  the  Flora  of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. 
Second  edition. 

1907.  GLEASON,  H.  A.     A  Botanical  Survey  of  the  Illinois  Eiver  Valley  Sand 

Eegion.     Bui.  111.  St.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  7:149-194. 

1908.  EOBINSON,  B.  L.,  and  FERNALD,  M.  L.     Gray's  New  Manual  of  Botany. 

Seventh  edition. 

1910.  HITCHCOCK,  A.  S.,  and  CHASE,  AGNES.  North  American  Species  of  Pani- 
cum.  Contrib.  IT.  S.  Nat.  Herb.,  15. 

1910.  GLEASON,  H.  A.  The  Vegetation  of  the  Inland  Sand  Deposits  of  Illinois. 
Bui.  111.  St.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  9:23-174. 

1912.  GATES,  F.  C.  Vegetation  of  the  Beach  Area  in  Northeastern  Illinois  and 
Southeastern  Michigan.  Bui.  111.  St.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  9:225-372. 

1912.  GLEASON,  H.  A.  An  Isolated  Prairie  Grove  and  its  Phytogeographical  Sig- 
nificance. Bot.  Gaz.,  53:38-49. 

1912.  SHERFF,  E.  E.     The  Vegetation  of  Skokie  Marsh  with  Special  Eeference  to 

Subterranean     Organs     and     their     Interrelationships.       Bot.     Gaz., 
53:415-435. 

1913.  BRITTON,  N.  L.,  and  BROWN,  A,     Illustrated  Flora  of  the  Northern  States 

and  Canada.     Second  edition. 

1913.  SHERFF,  E.  E.  The  Vegetation  of  Skokie  Marsh.  Bui.  111.  St.  Lab.  Nat. 
Hist,  9:576-610. 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


INDEX  TO  SCIENTIFIC  NAMES1 


Agropyron,  266,  407 

caninum,  407 

dasystachyum,  408 

repens,  265,  267,  407,  408 

smithii,  409 

smithii  molle,  409 

tenerum,  409 

violaceum,  410 
Agrostis,  355,  363 

alba,  265,  298,  355,  356,  359 

alba  vulgaris,  357 

aspera,  353 

elliottiana,  357 
.  hyemalis,  357,  358 

lateriflora,  344 

perennans,  358 

racemosa,  345 

scabra,  357 

vulgaris,  357 
Agrostoidea,  298 
Aira  caespitosa,  366 
Alopecurus,  349 

aristulatus,  349 

geniculatus,  350 

geniculatus  var.  aristulatus,  349 
Ammophila,  360 

arenaria,  361 

arundinacea,  361 
Andropogon,  264,  267,  276,  280 

avenaceum,  280 

dissitiflorus,  280 

furcatus,  277,  280 

scoparius,  277 

virginicus,  266,  280 
Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  332 
Aristida,  336 

basiramea,  337 

desmantha,  337 

dichotoma,  337 

geyeriana,  340 

gracilis,  339 

oligantha,  339 

purpurascens,  340 

ramossissima,  340 

stricta,  340 

tuberculata,  341 

tuberculosa,  341 
Arrhonathcrum,  367 

elatius,  367 
Arundinaria,  418 

macrosperma,  265,  418 

tecta,  418 

Asprella  hystrix,  417 
Atheropogon  apludioides,  372 

curtipendulus,  372 

papillus,  373 


Avcna,  366 

fatua,  366,  367 

sativa,  267,  367 
Bouteloua,  271 

curtipendula,  372,  373 

gracilis,  373 

hirsuta,  373 

oligo<stachya,  373 
Braehyelytrum,  347 

aristatum,  347 

erectum,  347 
Bromus,  266,  400 

altissimus,  404 

brizaeformis,  401 

ciliatus,  402 

ciliatus  var.  purgans,  403 

inermis,  402 

incanus,  403 

kalmii,  402 

pratensis,  403 

purgans,  403 

purgans  incanus,  403 

purgans  latiglumis,  404 

secalinus,  404 

tectorum,  404 

villosus,  405 

Calamagrostis,  359 

arenaria,  361 

canadensis,  360 

cinnoides,  360 

coarctata,  360 

inexpansa,  360 

longifolia,  359 

nuttalliana,  360 
Calamovilfa,  358 

longifolia,  359 

longifolia  var.  magna,  359 
Capillaria,  294 
Capriola,  370 

dactylon,  370 
Cenchrus,  326 

carolinianus,  326 

tribuloides,  326 
Chaetochloa,  324 

glauca,  325 

italica,  324 

lutescens,  325,  326 

verticillata,  325 

viridis,  326 

Chloris  curtipendula,  372 
Chondrosium  hirtum,  373 
Chrysopogon  nutans,  280 
Cinna,  361 

arundinacea,  361,  362 

arundinacea  var.  pendula,  362 

latifolia,  362 


1Names  in  italics  refer  to  synonyms. 


THE  GRASSES  OP  ILLINOIS 


421 


Columbiana,  312 
Commutata,  318 

Cynodon  dactylon,  370 

Dactylis,  387 

glomerata,  265,  388 
Dactyloctenium,  374 

aegypticum,  374 
Danthonia,  368 

spicata,  368 
Depauperata,  300 
Deschampsia,  366 

caespitosa,  366 
Diarina,  386 

americana,  386 

diandra,  386 

festucoides,  386 
Dichanthelium,  299 
Dichotoma,  303 
Dichotomiflora,  293 
Digitwria  filiformis,  282 

humifusa,  282 

sanguinalis,  283 
Dilepyrum  minutiflorum,  345 
Diplachne  fascicularis,  376 

Eatonia  obtusata,  363 

pennsylvanica,  364 
Echinochloa,  322 

crus-galli,  322,  323 

frumentacea,  323 

walteri,  323 
Eleusine,  375 

indica,  374,  375 
Elymus,  413 

arenarius,  413 

australis,  414 

eanadensis,  268,  415,  416 

canadensis  glaucifolius,  415 

diversiglumis,  415 

propinquus,  416 

robustus,  415 

striatus,  416 

striatus  arkansanus,  416 

striatus  villosus,  416 

strictus  var.  villosus,  416 

virginicus,  416 

virginicus  hirsutiglumis,  417 

virginicus  submutieus,  417 
Eragrostis,  379 

capillaris,  380,  382 

cilianensis,  381,  384 

frankii,  381 

hirsuta,  384 

hypnoides,  267,  379,  382 

major,  381 

megastachya,  381 

minor,  384 

pectinacea,  383 

pilosa,  383 

poaeoides  var.  megnstachya,  381 

reptans,  382 

spectabilis,  383 


tennis,  384 
trichodes,  384 
Erianthus,  275 

alopecuroides,  275 
contortus,  276 
divaricatus,  275 
saccharoides,  275 

Festuca,  266,  397 
elatior,  267,  397 
nutans,  398 
obtusa,  398,  399 
octoflora,  398 
ovina,  399 

ovina  duriuscula,  399 
polystachya,  376 
shortii,  399,  400 
tenella,  398 

Glyceria  canadensis,  395 

fluitans,  396 

nervata,  395 

pallida,  397 

fteptentrionalis,  396 
Gymnostichum  hystrix,  417 

Heleochloa,  347 

schoenoides,  267,  348 
Hierochloa  borealis,  332 
Hierochloe  odorata,  332 
Holcus,  281 

halapensis,  281 

lanatus,  363 
Homalocenchrus,  2G8,  328 

lenticularis,  329 

oryzoides,  329 

virginicus,  330 
Hordeum,  266,  410 

jubatum,  267,  410 

nodosum,  412 

pammeli,  412 

pratense,  412 

pusillum,  264,  412 

vulgare,  412 
Hystrix,  417 

hystrix,  416,  417 

patula,  417 

Koeleria,  365 
cristata,  365 

Languinosa,  307 
Latiflora,  318 
Laxiflora,  303 
Leersia  lenticularis,  329 

ovyzoides,  329 

virginica,  330 
Leptochloa,  375 

fascicularis,  376 

filiformis,  377 

mucronata,  377 
Leptoloma,  283 

cognatum,  284 
Lepturus  paniculatus,  371 


422 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


Lolium,  405 
italicum,  406 
multiflorum,  406 
perenne,  406 
temttlentum,  407 

Melica,  384 

mutica,  385 

nitens,  385 

speciosa,  385 
Milium,  333 

effusum,  333 
Muhlenbergia,  341 

capillaris,  342 

cuspidata,  342 

diffusa,  345 

foliosa,  341,  343,  347 

glubriflora,  343,  347 

glomerata,  345 

mexicana,  341,  343,  344 

mexicana  filiformis,  343 

racemosa,  341,  345 

schreberi,  345 

sobolifera,  346 

sylvatica,  346 

tenuiflora,  346 

umbrosa,  343,  346 

willdenowii,  346 

Notholcus,  362 
lanatus,  363 

Oligosanthia,  315 
Oryzopsis,  333 

asperifolia,  333 

canadensis,  334 

melanocarpa,  334 

pungens,  334 

racemosa,  334 

Panicularia,  393 

borealis,  394 

canadensis,  395 

grandis,  395 

nervata,  395 

pallida,  397 

septentrionalis,  395,  396 
Panicum,  266,  268,  290,  322,  324 

agrostoides,  298 

anceps,  299 

autumnale,  284 

barbipulvinatum,  294 

barbulatum,  304,  306 

boscii,  266,  319 

boscii  molle,  320 

capillare,  264,  295,  296,  207,  358 

clandestinum,  320 

cognatum,  284 

commutatum,  318 

crus-galli,  322 

crus-galli  var.  hispidum,  323 

depauperatum,  300,  301 

dichotomiflornm,  294 


dichotomum,  304,  306,  307 

filiforme,  282 

flexile,  295 

gattingeri,  296 

glabrum,  282 

hispidum,  323 

huachucae,  308,  309,  312 

huachucae  silvicola,  307,  308,  309, 
313 

implicatum,  309,  310 

latifolium,  SOU,  321 

laxiflorum,  321 

leibergii,  315,  322 

lindheimeri,  307 

linearifolium,  301 

meredionale,  310 

microcarpon,  306,  313 

miliaceum,  297 

nitidum,  321 

oligosanthes,  316 

pauviflorum,  316 

perlongum,  300,  301 

philadelphicum,   297 

polyanthes,  306,  313 

praecocius,  310 

proliferum,  294 

pseudopubescens,  311 

pubescens,  308,  322 

sanguinale,  283 

scoparium,  308,  322 

scribnerianum,  317,  322 

sp.,  311 

sphaerocarpon,  315 

tennesseense,  311 

tsugetorum,  312 

villosissimum,  312 

virgatum,  297 

xalapense,  303 

xanthophysum,  322 

yadkinense,  306 
Paspalum,  267,  268,  285 

bushii,  286,  290 

ciliatifolium,  286 

circulare,  287 

dissectum,  287 

fluitans,  289 

laeve,  287,  288 

laeve  angustifolium,  288 

laeve  australe,  288 

longepedunculatnm,  288 

longipilum,  288 

mucronatum,  289 

muhlenbergii,  288,  289 

plenipilum,  288 

repens,  266,  289 

setaceum,  289 

stramineuin,  290 

supinutn,  290 

iraUerianum,  287 
Phalaris,  330 

arnndinacea,  267,  331 

amndinacea  picta,  331 


1918} 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


423 


canariensis,  331 
Phleum,  348 

alpinum,  348 

pratense,  265,  347,  348,  349 
Phragmites,  377 

communis,  377 
Poa,  388 

alsodes,  389 

annua,  264,  389,  390 

brachyphylla,  393 

brevifolia,  393 

chapmaniana,  389,  390 

compressa,  265,  390 

debilis,  391 

flava,  391 

hirsuta,  384 

nemoralis,  392,  393 

palustris,  391,  393 

pectinacea,  383 

pratensis,  265,  267,  390,  392 

reptans,  382 

serotina,  391 

seslerioides,  378 

sylvestris,  392 

triflora,  391 

trivialis,  393 

wolfii,  393 

Savastana  odorata,  332 
Schedonnardus,  371 

paniculatus,  371 
Setaria  glauca,  325 

italica,  324 

vertioillata,  325 
Sorghastrum,  267,  280 

avenaceum,  280 

nutans,  280 

Sorghum  halapense,  281 
Sorghum  nutans,  280 
Spartina,  368 

cynosuroides,  369 

michauxiana,  369 
Sphaerocarpa,  313 
Sphenopholis,  363 

obtusata,  363 

pallens,  364 

palustris,  365 

pennsylvanica,  365 
Sporobolus,  351 

asper,  351,  352,  353 


asperifolius,  352 

brevifolius,  342 

canovirens,  352 

clandestinus,  352,  353 

cryptandrus,  353 

drummondii,  351,  353 

heterolepis,  354 

junceus,  355 

longifolius,  351 

neglectus,  354,  355 

vaginaeflorus,  354,  355 

virginica,  355 
Spreta,  307 
Stipa,  335,  336 

avenacea,  335 

spartea,  335 

viridula,  336 
Syntherisma,  267,  281 

filiformis,  281,  282 

ischaemum,  282 

linearis,  282 

sanguinalis,  264,  268,  283,  375 

Torrcsia,  332 

odorata,  332 
Tricuspis  purpurca,  379 

seslerioides,  378 
Tridens,  377 

flavus,  378 
Triplasis,  379 

purpurea,  379 
Tripsacum,  264,  275 

dactyloides,  267,  275 
Trisetum  palustre,  365 

pennsylvanicum,  365 
Triticum  caninum,  407 

rep  ens,  408 

vulgare,  267 

Uniola,  386 
latifolia,  387 

Vilfa  aspera,  353 

vaginaeflora,  355 

virginica,  355 
Virgata,  297 

Zea  mays,  264 
Zizania,  327 

aquatica,  328 

palustris,  267,  328   ' 


Annual  meadow  grass,  389 
Awned  ray  grass,  406 
Awned  wheat  grass,  407 

Bamboo,  265 
Barley,  266,  410 
Barnyard  grass,  322 
Beach  grass,  361 


Bearded  short  husk,  347 
Beard  grass,  276 
Bent  grass,  355 
Bermuda  grass,  370 
Big  bluestem,  277 
Billion  dollar  grass,  323 
Bottle-brush  grass,  417 
Bottle  grass,  326 


424 


BULLETIN  No.  205 


[March, 


Black-fruited  mountain  rice,  334 

Black  grama,  373 

Black  oat  grass,  335 

Blue  grass,  see  Canada  blue  grass  and 

Kentucky  blue  grass 
Blue  joint,  409 
Blue  joint  grass,  360 
Blunt-scaled  Sphenopholis,  363 
Bog  reed  grass,  360 
Branched  Aristida,  340 
Bristly  foxtail,  325 
Broad-leaved  spike  grass,  387 
Broom  beard  grass,  277 
Broom  corn,  281 
Broom-corn  millet,  297 
Broom  sedge,  280 
Bur  grass,  326 

Canada  blue  grass,  265,  390 

Canary  grass,  267,  331 

Candy  grass,  381 

Cane,  418 

Catch-fly  grass,  329 

Cat-tail  grass,  348 

Chapman's  spear  grass,  390 

Cheat,  404 

Chess,  404 

Cock 's  foot,  388 

Coekspur  grass,  322 

Common  crab  grass,  264,  283 

Cord  grass,  368 

Couch  grass,  265,  267,  408 

Crab  grass,  264,  281 

Creeping  bent,  357 

Creeping  Eragrostis,  382 

Crowfoot  grass,  374 

Crow's  foot,  375    • 

Cut  grass,  329 

Darnel,  405,  407 
.  Downy  brome  grass,  404 
Dropseed,  345,  351 

Egyptian  grass,  374 
Elliott's  bent  grass,  357 
Erect  Aristida,  340 

Fall  witch  grass,  284 
False  redtop,  391 
False  rice,  329 
Fescue  grass,  397 
Few-flowered  Aristida,  339 
Field  Paspalum,  287 
Finger  grass,  281 
Fiorin,  356 
Floating  foxtail,  349 
Floating  manna  grass,   396 
Forked  Aristida,  337 
Forked  beard  grass,  277 
Fowl  meadow  grass,  391,  395 
Foxtail  grass,  349 
Foxtail  millet,  324 
Fresh  water  cord  grass,  369 
Fringed  brome  grass,  402 


Gama  grass,  275 
Giant  cane,  418 
Goose  grass,   375 
Grama,  372 
Grama  grass,  371 
Green  foxtail,  326 
Grove  meadow  grass,  389 

Hair  grass,  357 
Hairy  mesquite,  373 
Hedgehog  grass,  326 
Herd's  grass,  349 
Hog  millet,  297 
Holy  grass,  332 
Hungarian  brome  grass,  402 
Hungarian  grass,  324 

Indian  corn,  264 
Indian  grass,  280 
Indian  reed,  361 
Indian  rice,  328 
Italian  millet,  324 
Italian  rye  grass,  406 

Japanese  barnyard  millet,  323 
Johnson  grass,  281 
June  grass,  392 

Kaffir  corn,  281 

Kentucky  blue  grass,  265,  267,  388, 
390,  392 

Large  cane,  418 
Large  crab  grass,  283 
Little  barley,  264,  412 
Little  bluestem,  277 
Long-awned  hair  grass,  342 
Long-haired  Paspalum,  288 
Long-leaved  reed  grass,  359 
Long-leaved  rush  grass,  351 
Long-stalked  Paspalum,  288 
Low  spear  grass,  264,  389 
Lyme  grass,  416 

Manna  grass,  393 
Marram,  361 
Marsh  foxtail,  350 
Marsh  grass,  368 
Marsh  Muhlenbergia,  345 
Meadow  barley,  412 
Meadow  fescue,  267,  397 
Meadow  soft  grass,  363 
Meadow  grass,  392 
Meadow  Muhlenbergia,  344 
Melic  grass,  384 
Mesquite  grass,  371,  372 
Mexican  dropseed,  344 
Millet,  324 
Munro  grass,  298 

Narrow  melic  grass,  385 
Needle  grass,  336 
Nerved  manna  grass,  395 
Nimble  Will,  345 


1018] 


THE  GRASSES  OF  ILLINOIS 


425 


Nodding  fescue,  398 
Nodding  wild  rye,  415 
Northern  dropseed,  354 
Northern  wheat  grass,  408 

Oat,  267,  366- 

Oat  grass,  367 

Old  witch  grass,  264,  295 

Orchard  grass,  265,  388 

Painted  grass,  331 
Perennial  rye  grass,  406 
Pigeon  grass,  325 
Porcupine  grass,  335 
Poverty  grass,  337 
Psamma,  361 
Purple  Eragrostis,  383 
Purplish  Aristida,  340 

Quick  grass,  408 
Quitch  grass,  408 

Randall  grass,  367 
Rattlesnake  grass,  395 
Redtop,  265,  356 
Reed,  377 

Reed  canary  grass,  331 
Reed  bent  grass,  359 
Reed  meadow  grass,  395 
Ribbon  grass,  331 
Rice  cut  grass,  329 
Rock  Muhlenbergia,  346 
Rough-leaved  dropseed,  352 
Round-flowered  Paspalum,  287 
Rough  rush  grass,  353 
Rush  cat-tail  grass,  348 
Rush  grass,  351 
Rye  grass,  405 

Salt-marsh  cockspur  grass,  323 
Sandbur,  326 
Sand  dropseed,  353 
Sand  grass,  379 
Scutch  grass,  370 
Sea-beach  Aristida,  341 
Sea  sand  grass,  361 
Sesame  grass,  275 
Sheathed  rush  grass,  355 
Sheep 's  fescue,  399 
Side  oat,  372 
Slender  Aristida,  339 
Slender  beard  grass,  339 
Slender  fescue,  398 
Slender  finger  grass,  282 
Slender  manna  grass,  394 
Slender  mountain  rice,  334 
Slender  Muhlenbergia,  346 
Slender  wheat  grass,  409 
Slender  wild  rye,  416 
Slender  wood  reed  grass,  362 
Slough  grass,  369 
Small  cane,  418 
Small  crab  grass,  282 
Small  rush  grass,  354 


Smooth  crab  grass,  282 
Smooth  Paspalum,  287 
Snake  grass,  381 
Southern  wild  rye,  414 
Spear  grass,  392 
Spiral-awned  plume  grass,  275 
Spike  grass,  386 
Sprouting  crab  grass,  294 
Squirrel-tail  grass,  267,  410 
Stink  grass,  381 
Straw-colored  Paspalum,  290 
Sweet  vernal  grass,  332 
Switch  grass,  297 

Tall  fescue,  397 
Tall  melic  grass,  385 
Tall  millet  grass,  333 
Tall  oat  grass,  367 
Tall  grama  grass,  372 
Tall  redtop,  378 
Terrell  grass,  416 
Thin  grass,  358 
Tickle  grass,  295 
Timothy,  265,  349 
Triple-awned  grass,  336 
Tufted  hair  grass,  366 
Tufted  triple-awn,  337 
Tumble-weed,  295 

Vanilla  grass,  332 
Velvet  grass,  363 
Virginia  beard  grass,  280 
Virginia  wild  rye,  416 

Walter's  Paspalum,  287 

Water  oats,  328 

Water  Paspalum,  289 

Weak  spear  grass,  391 

Western  Aristida,  337 

Western  wheat  grass,  409 

Wheat,  266,  267 

Wheat  grass,  407 

White  bent,  356 

White-grained  mountain  rice,  333 

White  grass,  329,  330 

Wild  chess,  402 

Wild  millet,  333 

Wild  oat,  366 

Wild  oat  grass,  368 

Wild  rice,  267,  328 

Wild  rye,  413 

Wild  sorghum,  280 

Wild  timothy,  345 

Wild  water  foxtail,  349 

Wire  grass,  375,  390 

Witch  grass,  295 

Wood  grass,  280 

Wood  Muhlenbergia,  346 

Wood  reed  grass,  361 

Wooly  beard  grass,  275 

Yard  grass,  375 
Yellow  foxtail,  325 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


